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Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance across various language tasks but pose challenges for practical deployment due to their substantial memory requirements. Furthermore, the latest generative models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Young Jin Kim , Rawn Henry , Raffy Fahim , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Large language models have been widely adopted but require significant GPU memory for inference. We develop a procedure for Int8 matrix multiplication for feed-forward and attention projection layers in transformers, which cut the memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Tim Dettmers , Mike Lewis , Younes Belkada , Luke Zettlemoyer

As inference on Large Language Models (LLMs) emerges as an important workload in machine learning applications, weight quantization has become a standard technique for efficient GPU deployment. Quantization not only reduces model size, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Elias Frantar , Roberto L. Castro , Jiale Chen , Torsten Hoefler , Dan Alistarh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks. However, their practical application is constrained by substantial memory and computational demands. Post-training quantization (PTQ) is considered an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Chao Zeng , Songwei Liu , Yusheng Xie , Hong Liu , Xiaojian Wang , Miao Wei , Shu Yang , Fangmin Chen , Xing Mei

Large language models (LLMs) have shown immense potential across various domains, but their high memory requirements and inference costs remain critical challenges for deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large language models (LLMs) have grown beyond the memory capacity of single GPU devices, necessitating quantization techniques for practical deployment. While NF4 (4-bit NormalFloat) quantization enables 4$\times$ memory reduction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Xiangbo Qi , Chaoyi Jiang , Murali Annavaram

The advent of ultra-low-bit LLM models (1/1.58/2-bit), which match the perplexity and end-task performance of their full-precision counterparts using the same model size, is ushering in a new era of LLM inference for resource-constrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Evangelos Georganas , Dhiraj Kalamkar , Alexander Heinecke

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance and tremendous potential across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models has been challenging due to the astronomical amount of model parameters, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Haihao Shen , Hanwen Chang , Bo Dong , Yu Luo , Hengyu Meng

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance but entail significant memory and computational costs, restricting their practical deployment. While existing INT4/INT8 quantization reduces these costs, they often degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Hao Zhang , Aining Jia , Weifeng Bu , Yushu Cai , Kai Sheng , Hao Chen , Xin He

The growing demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) in applications such as content generation, intelligent chatbots, and sentiment analysis poses considerable challenges for LLM service providers. To efficiently use GPU resources and boost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Yilong Zhao , Chien-Yu Lin , Kan Zhu , Zihao Ye , Lequn Chen , Size Zheng , Luis Ceze , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Tianqi Chen , Baris Kasikci

We propose a memory-efficient finetuning algorithm for large language models (LLMs) that supports finetuning LLMs with 65B parameters in 2/3/4-bit precision on as little as one 24GB GPU. Our method, modular low-rank adaptation (ModuLoRA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Junjie Yin , Jiahao Dong , Yingheng Wang , Christopher De Sa , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Due to their large size, generative Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant computing and storage resources. This paper introduces a new post-training quantization method, GPTQT, to reduce memory usage and enhance processing speed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Yipin Guo , Yilin Lang , Qinyuan Ren

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely applied but face challenges in efficient inference. While quantization methods reduce computational demands, ultra-low bit quantization with arbitrary precision is hindered by limited GPU Tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Shaobo Ma , Chao Fang , Haikuo Shao , Zhongfeng Wang

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is frequently hindered by prohibitive memory and computational requirements. While quantization mitigates these bottlenecks, maintaining model fidelity in the sub-1-bit regime remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Banseok Lee , Dongkyu Kim , Youngcheon You , Youngmin Kim

Quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs) has recently gained popularity, particularly for on-device settings with limited hardware resources. While efficient, quantization inevitably degrades model quality, especially in aggressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Yeonhong Park , Jake Hyun , Hojoon Kim , Jae W. Lee

In this paper, we present a novel method that reduces model inference latency during distributed deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs). Our contribution is an optimized inference deployment scheme that address the current limitations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Adnan Hoque , Mudhakar Srivatsa , Chih-Chieh Yang , Raghu Ganti

The inference of Large language models (LLMs) requires immense computation and memory resources. To curtail these costs, quantisation has merged as a promising solution, but existing LLM quantisation mainly focuses on 8-bit. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , Ilia Shumailov , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial resource requirements. While low-bit quantized weights can reduce memory usage and improve inference efficiency, current hardware lacks native…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pengxiang Zhao , Xiaoming Yuan

LLM inference exhibits substantial variability across queries and execution phases, yet inference configurations are often applied uniformly. We present a measurement-driven characterization of workload heterogeneity and energy-performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Paul Joe Maliakel , Shashikant Ilager , Ivona Brandic

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, their massive parameter counts and associated extensive computing make LLMs' deployment the main part of carbon emission from nowadays AI applications.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jie Peng , Zhang Cao , Huaizhi Qu , Zhengyu Zhang , Chang Guo , Yanyong Zhang , Zhichao Cao , Tianlong Chen
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