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Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are the fundamental building blocks of spintronic devices, have been used to build true random number generators (TRNGs) with different trade-offs between throughput, power, and area requirements.…

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) actuated by nanosecond pulses are emerging as promising devices for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic behavior and high throughput. In this work, we study…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-06-23 Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Michael Tsao , J. Darby Smith , Shashank Misra , Andrew D. Kent

True random number generators (TRNGs) are fundamental building blocks for many applications, such as cryptography, Monte Carlo simulations, neuromorphic computing, and probabilistic computing. While perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions…

We review two magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) approaches for compact, low-power, CMOS-integrated true random number generation (TRNG). The first employs passive-read, easy-plane superparamagnetic MTJs (sMTJs) that generate…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Jonathan Z. Sun , Christopher Safranski , Siyuranga Koswata , Pouya Hashemi , Andrew D. Kent

In recent years, true random number generators (TRNGs) based on magnetic tunnelling junction (MTJ) have become increasingly attractive. This is because MTJ-based TRNGs offer some advantages over traditional CMOS-based TRNGs, such as smaller…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-28 Hong Jie Ng , Shuhan Yang , Zhaoyang Yao , Hyunsoo Yang , Charles C. -W. Lim

Nanoscale magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices can efficiently convert thermal energy in the environment into random bitstreams for computational modeling and cryptography. We recently showed that perpendicular MTJs activated by…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Laura Rehm , Md Golam Morshed , Shashank Misra , Ankit Shukla , Shaloo Rakheja , Mustafa Pinarbasi , Avik W. Ghosh , Andrew D. Kent

The emerging Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junction (STT-MTJ) technology exhibits interesting stochastic behavior combined with small area and low operation energy. It is, therefore, a promising technology for security applications,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Ben Perach , Shahar Kvatinsky

True random number generators are of great interest in many computing applications such as cryptography, neuromorphic systems and Monte Carlo simulations. Here we investigate perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction nanopillars (pMTJs)…

High-quality random numbers are very critical to many fields such as cryptography, finance, and scientific simulation, which calls for the design of reliable true random number generators (TRNGs). Limited by entropy source, throughput,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Siqing Fu , Tiejun Li , Chunyuan Zhang , Hanqing Li , Sheng Ma , Jianmin Zhang , Ruiyi Zhang , Lizhou Wu

Large quantities of random numbers are crucial in a wide range of applications. We have recently demonstrated that perpendicular nanopillar magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) can produce true random bits when actuated with short pulses.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-06-21 Andre Dubovskiy , Troy Criss , Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Laura Rehm , Andrew D. Kent , Andrew Haas

Probabilistic computing using random number generators (RNGs) can leverage the inherent stochasticity of nanodevices for system-level benefits. The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) has been studied as an RNG due to its thermally-driven…

This work investigates nanosecond superparamagnetic switching in 50 nm diameter in-plane magnetized magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Due to the small in-plane uniaxial anisotropy, dwell times below 10 ns and auto-correlation times down to…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-01-16 Leo Schnitzspan , Mathias Kläui , Gerhard Jakob

Recently there is considerable interest to realize efficient and low-cost true random number generators (RNGs) for practical applications. One important way is through the use of bistable magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Here we study the…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2023-09-07 Chee Kwan Gan , Bingjin Chen , Minggang Zeng

Deterministic pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) used in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) models produce predictable patterns vulnerable to exploitation by attackers. Conventional defences against the vulnerabilities often come…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Youwei Bao , Shuhan Yang , Hyunsoo Yang

Stochastic computing, a form of computation with probabilities, presents an alternative to conventional arithmetic units. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs), which exhibit probabilistic switching, have been explored as Stochastic Number…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Ankit Mondal , Ankur Srivastava

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) have shown great promise as hardware sources for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic switching behavior. However, practical deployment remains challenged by drift in…

We demonstrate that thermally stable perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs), widely used in spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory, can be actuated with nanosecond pulses to exhibit tunable stochastic behavior. This…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Ahmed Sidi El Valli , Michael Tsao , Dairong Chen , Andrew D. Kent

Physical devices exhibiting stochastic functions with low energy consumption and high device density have the potential to enable complex probability-based computing algorithms, accelerate machine learning tasks, and enhance hardware…

Materials Science · Physics 2024-09-17 Dooyong Koh , Qiuyuan Wang , Brooke C. McGoldrick , Chung-Tao Chou , Luqiao Liu , Marc A. Baldo

Generating high-quality random numbers with a Gaussian probability distribution function is an important and resource consuming computational task for many applications in the fields of machine learning and Monte Carlo algorithms. Recently,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Punyashloka Debashis , Hai Li , Dmitri Nikonov , Ian Young

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) have emerged as a competitive, realistic nanotechnology to support novel forms of stochastic computation in CMOS-compatible platforms. One of their applications is to generate random bitstreams…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Matthew W. Daniels , Advait Madhavan , Philippe Talatchian , Alice Mizrahi , Mark D. Stiles
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