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Deep learning models have seen significant successes in numerous applications, but their inner workings remain elusive. The purpose of this work is to quantify the learning process of deep neural networks through the lens of a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Rayna Andreeva , Katharina Limbeck , Bastian Rieck , Rik Sarkar

Magnitude is a numerical isometric invariant of metric spaces, whose definition arises from a precise analogy between categories and metric spaces. Despite this exotic provenance, magnitude turns out to encode many invariants from integral…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2017-09-05 Tom Leinster , Mark W. Meckes

Magnitude is a real-valued invariant of metric spaces, analogous to the Euler characteristic of topological spaces and the cardinality of sets. The definition of magnitude is a special case of a general categorical definition that clarifies…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2015-03-17 Tom Leinster

Magnitude is a numerical invariant of metric spaces introduced by Leinster, motivated by considerations from category theory. This paper extends the original definition for finite spaces to compact spaces, in an equivalent but more natural…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2015-07-22 Mark W. Meckes

The magnitude of a finite metric space has recently emerged as a novel invariant quantity, allowing to measure the effective size of a metric space. Despite encouraging first results demonstrating the descriptive abilities of the magnitude,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Michael F. Adamer , Edward De Brouwer , Leslie O'Bray , Bastian Rieck

Magnitude is a numerical invariant of finite metric spaces, recently introduced by T. Leinster, which is analogous in precise senses to the cardinality of finite sets or the Euler characteristic of topological spaces. It has been extended…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2013-08-27 Mark W. Meckes

Magnitude is a numerical invariant of compact metric spaces. Its theory is most mature for spaces satisfying the classical condition of being of negative type, and the magnitude of such a space lies in the interval $[1, \infty]$. Until now,…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2023-11-30 Tom Leinster , Mark Meckes

Metric space magnitude, an active subject of research in algebraic topology, originally arose in the context of biology, where it was used to represent the effective number of distinct species in an environment. In a more general setting,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Eric Bunch , Daniel Dickinson , Jeffery Kline , Glenn Fung

Magnitude, obtained as a special case of Euler characteristic of enriched category, represents a sense of the size of metric spaces and is related to classical notions such as cardinality, dimension, and volume. While the studies have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-16 Byungchang So

Magnitude is an isometric invariant for metric spaces that was introduced by Leinster around 2010, and is currently the object of intense research, since it has been shown to encode many known invariants of metric spaces. In recent work,…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Miguel O'Malley , Sara Kalisnik , Nina Otter

Magnitude is a numerical invariant of enriched categories, including in particular metric spaces as $[0,\infty)$-enriched categories. We show that in many cases magnitude can be categorified to a homology theory for enriched categories,…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2021-11-10 Tom Leinster , Michael Shulman

Magnitude is an isometric invariant of metric spaces introduced by Leinster. Since its inception, it has inspired active research into its connections with integral geometry, geometric measure theory, fractal dimensions, persistent…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Sara Kališnik , Davorin Lešnik

Quantifying the distance between datasets is a fundamental question in mathematics and machine learning. We propose \textit{magnitude distance}, a novel distance metric defined on finite datasets using the notion of the \emph{magnitude} of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Sahel Torkamani , Henry Gouk , Rik Sarkar

We propose a definition of magnitude for a length space with a Borel measure, which involves integrals over the set of geodesics. This quantity agrees with the magnitude of finite metric spaces, up to re-scaling the metric to ensure the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Yoshinori Hashimoto

Metric magnitude is a measure of the "size" of point clouds with many desirable geometric properties. It has been adapted to various mathematical contexts and recent work suggests that it can enhance machine learning and optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Rayna Andreeva , James Ward , Primoz Skraba , Jie Gao , Rik Sarkar

Magnitude of a finite metric space and the related notion of magnitude functions on metric spaces is an active area of research in algebraic topology. Magnitude originally arose in the context of biology, where it represents the number of…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-08 Glenn Fung , Eric Bunch , Dan Dickinson

Magnitude homology is an emerging framework that captures the intrinsic topological and geometric features of metric spaces, demonstrating significant potential for topoplogical data analysis and geometric data analysis. This work…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2026-01-08 Wanying Bi , Hongsong Feng , Jingyan Li , Jie Wu

Magnitude is a real-valued invariant of metric spaces which, in the finite setting, can be understood as recording the 'effective number of points' in a space as the scale of the metric varies. Motivated by applications in topological data…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Hirokazu Katsumasa , Emily Roff , Masahiko Yoshinaga

The main result of this article is a geometric interpretation of magnitude, a real-valued invariant of metric spaces. We introduce a Euclidean embedding of a (suitable) finite metric space $X$ such that the magnitude of $X$ can be expressed…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2025-10-22 Karel Devriendt

In this paper we define the magnitude of metric spaces using measures rather than finite subsets as had been done previously and show that this agrees with earlier work with Leinster in arXiv:0908.1582. An explicit formula for the magnitude…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2013-02-14 Simon Willerton
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