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Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) remains a persistent challenge in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) due to the inherent freedom of symbol layouts and variability in handwriting styles. Prior methods have faced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yu Li , Jin Jiang , Jianhua Zhu , Shuai Peng , Baole Wei , Yuxuan Zhou , Liangcai Gao

Symbol detection techniques in online handwritten graphics (e.g. diagrams and mathematical expressions) consist of methods specifically designed for a single graphic type. In this work, we evaluate the Faster R-CNN object detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-14 Frank D. Julca-Aguilar , Nina S. T. Hirata

Handwriting recognition technology allows recognizing a written text from a given data. The recognition task can target letters, symbols, or words, and the input data can be a digital image or recorded by various sensors. A wide range of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Hilda Azimi , Steven Chang , Jonathan Gold , Koray Karabina

Offline handwriting recognition (HWR) has improved significantly with the advent of deep learning architectures in recent years. Nevertheless, it remains a challenging problem and practical applications often rely on post-processing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Andrey Totev , Tomas Ward

This paper describes an approach for offline recognition of handwritten mathematical symbols. The process of symbol recognition in this paper includes symbol segmentation and accurate classification for over 300 classes. Many…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Azadeh Nazemi , Niloofar Tavakolian , Donal Fitzpatrick , Chandrik a Fernando , Ching Y. Suen

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition is foundational for educational technologies, enabling applications like digital note-taking and automated grading. While modern encoder-decoder architectures with large language models excel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Jakob Seitz , Tobias Lengfeld , Radu Timofte

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition aims to automatically generate LaTeX sequences from given images. Currently, attention-based encoder-decoder models are widely used in this task. They typically generate target sequences in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xiaohang Bian , Bo Qin , Xiaozhe Xin , Jianwu Li , Xuefeng Su , Yanfeng Wang

Handwriting recognition (HWR) using inertial measurement unit (IMU) data remains challenging due to variations in writing styles and the limited availability of datasets. Previous approaches often struggle with handwriting from unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jindong Li , Tim Hamann , Jens Barth , Peter Kämpf , Dario Zanca , Björn Eskofier

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER) suffers from complex formula structures and character layouts in sequence prediction. In this paper, we incorporate frequency domain analysis into HMER and propose a method that marries…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Huanxin Yang , Qiwen Wang

A handwritten word recognition system comes with issues such as lack of large and diverse datasets. It is necessary to resolve such issues since millions of official documents can be digitized by training deep learning models using a large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Nova Ahmed , Carson Leung

The task of recognising Handwritten Mathematical Expressions (HMER) is crucial in the fields of digital education and scholarly research. However, it is difficult to accurately determine the length and complex spatial relationships among…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Aniket Pal , Krishna Pratap Singh

In this paper, a robust multiscale neural network is proposed to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions and output LaTeX sequences, which can effectively and correctly focus on where each step of output should be concerned and has a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Hongyu Wang , Guangcun Shan

Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) has been dramatically advanced recently by employing tree decoders as part of the encoder-decoder method. Despite the tree decoder-based methods regard the expressions as a tree…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Zihao Lin , Jinrong Li , Fan Yang , Shuangping Huang , Xu Yang , Jianmin Lin , Ming Yang

In recent years, deep learning techniques have been used to develop sign language recognition systems, potentially serving as a communication tool for millions of hearing-impaired individuals worldwide. However, there are inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Alvaro Leandro Cavalcante Carneiro , Denis Henrique Pinheiro Salvadeo , Lucas de Brito Silva

Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions (HMEs) is a challenging problem because of the ambiguity and complexity of two-dimensional handwriting. Moreover, the lack of large training data is a serious issue, especially for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anh Duc Le , Bipin Indurkhya , Masaki Nakagawa

In this paper, we study semi-supervised Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) via exploring both labeled data and extra unlabeled data. We propose a novel consistency regularization framework, termed SemiHMER, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Kehua Chen , Haoyang Shen

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is more interesting and challenging than printed text due to uneven variations in the handwriting style of the writers, content, and time. HTR becomes more challenging for the Indic languages because of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Ajoy Mondal , C. V. Jawahar

Dense object detection is widely used in automatic driving, video surveillance, and other fields. This paper focuses on the challenging task of dense object detection. Currently, detection methods based on greedy algorithms, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yueming Huang , Chenrui Ma , Hao Zhou , Hao Wu , Guowu Yuan

We propose a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based approach for Handwritten Mathematical Expression (HME) recognition by modeling HMEs as graphs, where nodes represent symbols and edges capture spatial dependencies. A deep BLSTM network is used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Ngoc Tuan Nguyen , Triet Hoang Minh Dao , Huy Minh Nhat , Huy Truong Dinh

We present a framework for learning an efficient holistic representation for handwritten word images. The proposed method uses a deep convolutional neural network with traditional classification loss. The major strengths of our work lie in:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Praveen Krishnan , C. V. Jawahar