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By capturing the prevailing sentiment and market mood, textual data has become increasingly vital for forecasting commodity prices, particularly in metal markets. However, the effectiveness of lightweight, finetuned large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Alvaro Paredes Amorin , Andre Python , Christoph Weisser

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

Understanding how large language models (LLMs) internally represent and process their predictions is central to detecting uncertainty and preventing hallucinations. While several studies have shown that models encode uncertainty in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Sunwoo Kim , Haneul Yoo , Alice Oh

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Language Confusion is a phenomenon where Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text that is neither in the desired language, nor in a contextually appropriate language. This phenomenon presents a critical challenge in text generation by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yiyi Chen , Qiongxiu Li , Russa Biswas , Johannes Bjerva

There has been extensive research on assessing the value orientation of Large Language Models (LLMs) as it can shape user experiences across demographic groups. However, several challenges remain. First, while the Multiple Choice Question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Siqi Shen , Mehar Singh , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Rada Mihalcea

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to produce very high-quality tests and responses to our queries. But how much can we trust this generated text? In this paper, we study the problem of uncertainty quantification in LLMs. We propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Muhammad Mubashar , Shireen Kudukkil Manchingal , Fabio Cuzzolin

Uncertainty quantification approaches have been more critical in large language models (LLMs), particularly high-risk applications requiring reliable outputs. However, traditional methods for uncertainty quantification, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Ferhat Ozgur Catak , Murat Kuzlu

As large language models (LLMs) continue to evolve, the need for robust and standardized evaluation benchmarks becomes paramount. Evaluating the performance of these models is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Marco AF Pimentel , Clément Christophe , Tathagata Raha , Prateek Munjal , Praveen K Kanithi , Shadab Khan

Large language models (LLM) have revolutionized the processing of natural language. Although first benchmarks of the process modeling abilities of LLM are promising, it is currently under debate to what extent an LLM can generate good…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Peter Fettke , Constantin Houy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained significant attention due to their remarkable capabilities in performing diverse tasks across various domains. However, a thorough evaluation of these models is crucial before deploying them…

Language and Vision-Language Models (LLMs/VLMs) have revolutionized the field of AI by their ability to generate human-like text and understand images, but ensuring their reliability is crucial. This paper aims to evaluate the ability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Tobias Groot , Matias Valdenegro-Toro

Large language models (LLMs) promise to democratize financial analysis by reducing information-processing costs. Yet equal access does not ensure equal outcomes, as the locus of friction may shift from processing information to evaluating…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-23 Edward Li , Min Shen , Zhiyuan Tu , Dexin Zhou

Being able to predict people's opinions on issues and behaviors in realistic scenarios can be helpful in various domains, such as politics and marketing. However, conducting large-scale surveys like the European Social Survey to solicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Dongjun Kang , Joonsuk Park , Yohan Jo , JinYeong Bak

In the era of rapid digital communication, vast amounts of textual data are generated daily, demanding efficient methods for latent content analysis to extract meaningful insights. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for automating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ljubisa Bojic , Olga Zagovora , Asta Zelenkauskaite , Vuk Vukovic , Milan Cabarkapa , Selma Veseljević Jerkovic , Ana Jovančevic

Political biases encoded by LLMs might have detrimental effects on downstream applications. Existing bias analysis methods rely on small-size intermediate tasks (questionnaire answering or political content generation) and rely on the LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Akram Elbouanani , Evan Dufraisse , Adrian Popescu

Financial sentiment analysis plays a crucial role in informing investment decisions, assessing market risk, and predicting stock price trends. Existing works in financial sentiment analysis have not considered the impact of stock prices or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Chaithra , Kamesh Kadimisetty , Biju R Mohan

Compared to traditional sentiment analysis, which only considers text, multimodal sentiment analysis needs to consider emotional signals from multimodal sources simultaneously and is therefore more consistent with the way how humans process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Hao Yang , Yanyan Zhao , Yang Wu , Shilong Wang , Tian Zheng , Hongbo Zhang , Zongyang Ma , Wanxiang Che , Bing Qin

The generation of texts using Large Language Models (LLMs) is inherently uncertain, with sources of uncertainty being not only the generation of texts, but also the prompt used and the downstream interpretation. Within this work, we provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Steffen Herbold , Florian Lemmerich

The recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked a growing apprehension regarding the potential misuse. One approach to mitigating this risk is to incorporate watermarking techniques into LLMs, allowing for the tracking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Zhengmian Hu , Lichang Chen , Xidong Wu , Yihan Wu , Hongyang Zhang , Heng Huang
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