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Pre-trained code models have emerged as the state-of-the-art paradigm for code search tasks. The paradigm involves pre-training the model on search-irrelevant tasks such as masked language modeling, followed by the fine-tuning stage, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hande Dong , Jiayi Lin , Yanlin Wang , Yichong Leng , Jiawei Chen , Yutao Xie

Code search is an important and well-studied task, but it usually means searching for code by a text query. We argue that using a code snippet (and possibly an error traceback) as a query while looking for bugfixing instructions and code…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ivan Sedykh , Dmitry Abulkhanov , Nikita Sorokin , Sergey Nikolenko , Valentin Malykh

As the demand for computational power grows, optimizing code through compilers becomes increasingly crucial. In this context, we focus on fully automatic code optimization techniques that automate the process of selecting and applying code…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yacine Hakimi , Riyadh Baghdadi

Code search is a widely used technique by developers during software development. It provides semantically similar implementations from a large code corpus to developers based on their queries. Existing techniques leverage deep learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Weisong Sun , Chunrong Fang , Yuchen Chen , Guanhong Tao , Tingxu Han , Quanjun Zhang

This paper presents an approach that evaluates best-first search methods to code refactoring. The motivation for code refactoring could be to improve the design, structure, or implementation of an existing program without changing its…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Sourena Khanzadeh , Samad Alias Nyein Chan , Richard Valenzano , Manar Alalfi

Code search has usually been evaluated as first-stage retrieval, even though production systems rely on broader pipelines with reranking and developer-style queries. Existing benchmarks also suffer from data contamination, label noise, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Siqiao Xue , Zihan Liao , Jin Qin , Ziyin Zhang , Yixiang Mu , Fan Zhou , Hang Yu

Developers often refactor source code to improve its quality during software development. A challenge in refactoring is to determine if it can be applied or not. To help with this decision-making process, we aim to search for past…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Motoki Abe , Shinpei Hayashi

Background: Research software is software developed by and/or used by researchers, across a wide variety of domains, to perform their research. Because of the complexity of research software, developers cannot conduct exhaustive testing. As…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Nasir U. Eisty , Jeffrey C. Carver

This paper reviews, analyzes, and proposes a new perspective on the bi-encoder architecture for neural search. While the bi-encoder architecture is widely used due to its simplicity and scalability at test time, it has some notable issues…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Hung-Nghiep Tran , Akiko Aizawa , Atsuhiro Takasu

Data generation and analysis is a fundamental aspect of many industries and disciplines, from strategic decision making in business to research in the physical and social sciences. However, data generated using software and algorithms can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Ernesto Giralt Hernández

To obtain code snippets for reuse, programmers prefer to search for related documents, e.g., blogs or Q&A, instead of code itself. The major reason is due to the semantic diversity and mismatch between queries and code snippets. Deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Zhensu Sun , Yan Liu , Chen Yang , Yu Qian

Gender bias in language models has attracted sufficient attention because it threatens social justice. However, most of the current debiasing methods degraded the model's performance on other tasks while the degradation mechanism is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yiran Liu , Xiao Liu , Haotian Chen , Yang Yu

It is common to evaluate a set of items by soliciting people to rate them. For example, universities ask students to rate the teaching quality of their instructors, and conference organizers ask authors of submissions to evaluate the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-02 Jingyan Wang , Ivan Stelmakh , Yuting Wei , Nihar B. Shah

Code search is a common practice for developers during software implementation. The challenges of accurate code search mainly lie in the knowledge gap between source code and natural language (i.e., queries). Due to the limited code-query…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Chaozheng Wang , Zhenghao Nong , Cuiyun Gao , Zongjie Li , Jichuan Zeng , Zhenchang Xing , Yang Liu

Bias is an inherent threat to human decision-making, including in decisions made during software development. Extensive research has demonstrated the presence of biases at various stages of the software development life-cycle. Notably, code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Yoseph Berhanu Alebachew , Chris Brown

Code embeddings capture the semantic representations of code and are crucial for various code-related large language model (LLM) applications, such as code search. Previous training primarily relies on optimizing the InfoNCE loss by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Zuchen Gao , Zizheng Zhan , Xianming Li , Erxin Yu , Ziqi Zhan , Haotian Zhang , Bin Chen , Yuqun Zhang , Jing Li

This paper presents an approach to identify efficient techniques used in Web Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Understanding SEO factors which can influence page ranking in search engine is significant for webmasters who wish to attract…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-09-29 Jai Manral , Mohammed Alamgir Hossain

Search engines intentionally influence user behavior by picking and ranking the list of results. Users engage with the highest results both because of their prominent placement and because they are typically the most relevant documents.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Richard Demsyn-Jones

This chapter presents a theoretical framework for evaluating next generation search engines. We focus on search engines whose results presentation is enriched with additional information and does not merely present the usual list of 10 blue…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2015-11-19 Dirk Lewandowski

While recent years have witnessed a rapid growth of research papers on recommender system (RS), most of the papers focus on inventing machine learning models to better fit user behavior data. However, user behavior data is observational…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Jiawei Chen , Hande Dong , Xiang Wang , Fuli Feng , Meng Wang , Xiangnan He