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The quality is a crucial issue for crowd annotations. Answer aggregation is an important type of solution. The aggregated answers estimated from multiple crowd answers to the same instance are the eventually collected annotations, rather…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Jiyi Li

Modern machine learning algorithms need large datasets to be trained. Crowdsourcing has become a popular approach to label large datasets in a shorter time as well as at a lower cost comparing to that needed for a limited number of experts.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Alexey Drutsa , Viktoriya Farafonova , Valentina Fedorova , Olga Megorskaya , Evfrosiniya Zerminova , Olga Zhilinskaya

Supervised learning, especially supervised deep learning, requires large amounts of labeled data. One approach to collect large amounts of labeled data is by using a crowdsourcing platform where numerous workers perform the annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Data annotation is essential for supervised learning, yet producing accurate, unbiased, and scalable labels remains challenging as datasets grow in size and modality. Traditional human-centric pipelines are costly, slow, and prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Subhodeep Ghosh , Bayan Divaaniaazar , Md Ishat-E-Rabban , Spencer Clarke , Senjuti Basu Roy

Training deep neural networks is challenging when large and annotated datasets are unavailable. Extensive manual annotation of data samples is time-consuming, expensive, and error-prone, notably when it needs to be done by experts. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Barbara C Benato , Alexandru C Telea , Alexandre X Falcão

A common practice in building NLP datasets, especially using crowd-sourced annotations, involves obtaining multiple annotator judgements on the same data instances, which are then flattened to produce a single "ground truth" label or score,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz

Learning algorithms normally assume that there is at most one annotation or label per data point. However, in some scenarios, such as medical diagnosis and on-line collaboration,multiple annotations may be available. In either case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yan Yan , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy

Active learning algorithms automatically identify the most informative samples from large amounts of unlabeled data and tremendously reduce human annotation effort in inducing a machine learning model. In a conventional active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Varun Totakura , Ankita Singh , Yushun Dong , Shayok Chakraborty

Crowdsourcing platforms offer a practical solution to the problem of affordably annotating large datasets for training supervised classifiers. Unfortunately, poor worker performance frequently threatens to compromise annotation reliability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Liyue Zhao , Yu Zhang , Gita Sukthankar

The unprecedented demand for large amount of data has catalyzed the trend of combining human insights with machine learning techniques, which facilitate the use of crowdsourcing to enlist label information both effectively and efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-26 Yao Zhou , Jingrui He

Most crowdsourcing learning methods treat disagreement between annotators as noisy labelings while inter-disagreement among experts is often a good indicator for the ambiguity and uncertainty that is inherent in natural language. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Xiaolei Lu

For the purpose of efficient and cost-effective large-scale data labeling, crowdsourcing is increasingly being utilized. To guarantee the quality of data labeling, multiple annotations need to be collected for each data sample, and truth…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Fei Wang , Haoyu Liu , Haoyang Bi , Xiangzhuang Shen , Renyu Zhu , Runze Wu , Minmin Lin , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan , Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Enhong Chen

One of the primary catalysts fueling advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is the availability of massive, curated datasets. A commonly used technique to curate such massive datasets is crowdsourcing, where data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-04 Shahana Ibrahim , Panagiotis A. Traganitis , Xiao Fu , Georgios B. Giannakis

Learning algorithms that aggregate predictions from an ensemble of diverse base classifiers consistently outperform individual methods. Many of these strategies have been developed in a supervised setting, where the accuracy of each base…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-14 Mehmet Eren Ahsen , Robert Vogel , Gustavo Stolovitzky

As the size of the datasets getting larger, accurately annotating such datasets is becoming more impractical due to the expensiveness on both time and economy. Therefore, crowd-sourcing has been widely adopted to alleviate the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Hansong Zhang , Shikun Li , Dan Zeng , Chenggang Yan , Shiming Ge

Data lies at the core of modern deep learning. The impressive performance of supervised learning is built upon a base of massive accurately labeled data. However, in some real-world applications, accurate labeling might not be viable;…

Crowdsourcing provides a practical way to obtain large amounts of labeled data at a low cost. However, the annotation quality of annotators varies considerably, which imposes new challenges in learning a high-quality model from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Zhendong Chu , Jing Ma , Hongning Wang

Many computer scientists use the aggregated answers of online workers to represent ground truth. Prior work has shown that aggregation methods such as majority voting are effective for measuring relatively objective features. For subjective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Jiele Wu , Chau-Wai Wong , Xinyan Zhao , Xianpeng Liu

Noisy labeled data is more a norm than a rarity for crowd sourced contents. It is effective to distill noise and infer correct labels through aggregation results from crowd workers. To ensure the time relevance and overcome slow responses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Chi Hong , Amirmasoud Ghiassi , Yichi Zhou , Robert Birke , Lydia Y. Chen

Crowdsourcing has become very popular among the machine learning community as a way to obtain labels that allow a ground truth to be estimated for a given dataset. In most of the approaches that use crowdsourced labels, annotators are asked…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-09 Iker Beñaran-Muñoz , Jerónimo Hernández-González , Aritz Pérez