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In this article we develop a continuous variable (CV) shadow tomography scheme with wide ranging applications in quantum optics. Our work is motivated by the increasing experimental and technological relevance of CV systems in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Simon Becker , Nilanjana Datta , Ludovico Lami , Cambyse Rouzé

Classical shadow tomography serves as a potent tool for extracting numerous properties from quantum many-body systems with minimal measurements. Nevertheless, prevailing methods yielding optimal performance for few-body operators…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Tian-Gang Zhou , Pengfei Zhang

Shadow estimation is a method for deducing numerous properties of an unknown quantum state through a limited set of measurements, which suffers from noises in quantum devices. In this paper, we introduce an error-mitigated shadow estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Ruyu Yang , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

We study the sample complexity of the classical shadows task: what is the fewest number of copies of an unknown state you need to measure to predict expected values with respect to some class of observables? Large joint measurements are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Daniel Grier , Sihan Liu , Gaurav Mahajan

One of the primary objectives in the field of quantum state learning is to develop algorithms that are time-efficient for learning states generated from quantum circuits. Earlier investigations have demonstrated time-efficient algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Nai-Hui Chia , Ching-Yi Lai , Han-Hsuan Lin

A constant number of random Clifford measurements allows the classical shadow protocol to perform direct fidelity estimation (DFE) with high precision. However, estimating properties of an unknown quantum state is expected to be more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Hyunho Cha , Jungwoo Lee

Spurious couplings and decoherence degrade the performance of solid-state quantum processors, demanding careful design, calibration, and mitigation protocols. These strategies often rely on characterization of the idling processor, but…

The classical shadows protocol is an efficient strategy for estimating properties of an unknown state $\rho$ using a small number of state copies and measurements. In its original form, it involves twirling the state with unitaries from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Ning Bao , Kartiek Agarwal

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

We introduce the problem of *shadow tomography*: given an unknown $D$-dimensional quantum mixed state $\rho$, as well as known two-outcome measurements $E_{1},\ldots,E_{M}$, estimate the probability that $E_{i}$ accepts $\rho$, to within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-14 Scott Aaronson

We combine classical heuristics with partial shadow tomography to enable efficient protocols for extracting information from correlated ab initio electronic systems encoded on quantum devices. By proposing the use of a correlation energy…

We introduce a variational scheme inspired by classical shadow tomography to compute ground state correlations of quantum spin Hamiltonians. Shadow tomography allows for efficient reconstruction of expectation values of arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Kartiek Agarwal

Classical shadow tomography has become a powerful tool in learning about quantum states prepared on a quantum computer. Recent works have used classical shadows to variationally enforce N-representability conditions on the 2-particle…

Accurately estimating the properties of quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum computing and quantum information. We propose a method to obtain unbiased estimators of multiple observables with low statistical error by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Stefano Mangini , Daniel Cavalcanti

Efficient fidelity estimation of multiqubit quantum states is crucial to many applications in quantum information processing. However, to estimate the infidelity $\epsilon$ with multiplicative precision, conventional estimation protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Zhongyi Yang , Datong Chen , Zihao Li , Huangjun Zhu

We present shadow spectroscopy as a simulator-agnostic quantum algorithm for estimating energy gaps using very few circuit repetitions (shots) and no extra resources (ancilla qubits) beyond performing time evolution and measurements. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Hans Hon Sang Chan , Richard Meister , Matthew L. Goh , Bálint Koczor

We propose an efficient quantum state tomography method inspired by compressed sensing and threshold quantum state tomography that can drastically reduce the number of measurement settings to reconstruct the density matrix of an $N$-qudit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Giovanni Garberoglio , Maurizio Dapor , Diego Maragnano , Marco Liscidini , Daniele Binosi

Quantum state tomography (QST) remains the prevailing method for benchmarking and verifying quantum devices; however, its application to large quantum systems is rendered impractical due to the exponential growth in both the required number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Zhen Qin , Joseph M. Lukens , Brian T. Kirby , Zhihui Zhu

The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

Quantum simulation of fermionic Hamiltonians is a leading application of quantum computing, but accurate execution on present-day hardware is limited by error accumulation in deep Trotter circuits. We present a device-matched…