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As a quantum thermodynamic device that utilizes quantum systems for energy storage and delivery, the quantum battery (QB) is expected to offer revolutionary advantages in terms of increasing the charging power and the extractable work by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Wan-Lu Song , Ji-Ling Wang , Bin Zhou , Wan-Li Yang , Jun-Hong An

Free energy fixes the maximum work of a thermodynamic process once the state and Hamiltonian are specified. A work-extraction task asks a different question: how much average work can a single device realize across several preparations and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Sumit Rout , Aravinth Balaji Ravichandran , Paweł Horodecki , Anubhav Chaturvedi

The maximum work that can be extracted from a quantum battery is bounded by the ergotropy of the system, which is determined by the spectral properties of the Hamiltonian. In this paper, we employ the formalism of quantum walks to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Simone Cavazzoni , Giovanni Ragazzi , Paolo Bordone , Matteo G. A. Paris

Quantum thermodynamics can be naturally phrased as a theory of quantum state transformation and energy exchange for small-scale quantum systems undergoing thermodynamical processes, thereby making the resource theoretical approach very well…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Uttam Singh , Jarosław K. Korbicz , Nicolas J. Cerf

The reduced state of a small system strongly coupled to a thermal bath may be athermal and used as a small battery once disconnected. If the disconnecting process is too slow, the coupling between the battery and the bath weakens, and at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-14 Daniel Feliú , Felipe Barra

Thermodynamics is traditionally concerned with systems comprised of a large number of particles. Here we present a framework for extending thermodynamics to individual quantum systems, including explicitly a thermal bath and work-storage…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-29 Paul Skrzypczyk , Anthony J. Short , Sandu Popescu

The theory of quantum thermodynamics predicts fundamental bounds on work extraction from quantum states. As these bounds are derived in a very general and abstract setting, it is unclear how relevant they are in an experimental context,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-13 Niels Lörch , Christoph Bruder , Nicolas Brunner , Patrick P. Hofer

With the progress of nano-technology, thermodynamics also has to be scaled down, calling for specific protocols to extract and measure work. Usually, such protocols involve the action of an external, classical field (the battery) of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-09 Cyril Elouard , Maxime Richard , Alexia Auffèves

We discuss the idea of extracting energy from a quantum battery, applying a projective measurement on an auxiliary system. The battery is initially connected to the auxiliary system and allowed to interact with it. After some time, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-25 Paranjoy Chaki , Aparajita Bhattacharyya , Kornikar Sen , Ujjwal Sen

The optimal efficiency of quantum (or classical) heat engines whose heat baths are $n$-particle systems is given by the information geometry and the strong large deviation. We give the optimal work extraction process as a concrete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-19 Hiroyasu Tajima , Masahito Hayashi

Of indisputable relevance for non-equilibrium thermodynamics, fluctuations theorems have been generalized to the framework of quantum thermodynamics, with the notion of work playing a key role in such contexts. The typical approach consists…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Thales Augusto Barbosa Pinto Silva , Renato Moreira Angelo

Work extraction is one of the most central processes in quantum thermodynamics. However, the prior analysis of optimal extractable work has been restricted to a limited operational scenario where complete information about the initial state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-14 Kaito Watanabe , Ryuji Takagi

Recent experiments have demonstrated the generation of coherent mechanical oscillations in a suspended carbon nanotube, which are driven by an electric current through the device above a certain voltage threshold, in close analogy with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-12 Oisin Culhane , Mark T. Mitchison , John Goold

Quantum hardware increasingly relies on energy reserves that can later be converted into useful work; yet, most battery-like proposals demand coherent drives or engineered non-equilibrium resources, limiting practicality in noisy settings.…

We study the transferring of useful energy (work) along a transmission line that allows for partial preservation of quantum coherence. As a figure of merit we adopt the maximum values that ergotropy, total ergotropy, and non-equilibrium…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Salvatore Tirone , Raffaele Salvia , Vittorio Giovannetti

Inspired by the primary goal of quantum thermodynamics -- to characterize quantum signatures and leverage their benefits in thermodynamic scenarios -- , we design a work extraction game within a bipartite framework that exhibits a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-15 Tanmoy Biswas , Chandan Datta , Luis Pedro García-Pintos

Extracting useful work from quantum systems is a fundamental problem in quantum thermodynamics. In scenarios where rapid protocols are desired -- whether due to practical constraints or deliberate design choices -- a fundamental trade-off…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Shoki Sugimoto , Takahiro Sagawa , Ryusuke Hamazaki

Quantum thermodynamics is often formulated as a theory with constrained access to operations and resources. In this manuscript, we find a closed formula for the Gaussian ergotropy, i.e. the maximum energy that can be extracted from bosonic…

In realistic open-system environments, decoherence and dissipation naturally drive quantum batteries toward passive states, thereby limiting their maximum extractable work (ergotropy). While quantum catalysis has been proposed to mitigate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Shun-Cai Zhao

One of the principal objectives of quantum thermodynamics is to explore quantum effects and their potential beneficial role in thermodynamic tasks like work extraction or refrigeration. So far, even though several papers have already shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-22 C. L. Latune , I. Sinayskiy , F. Petruccione
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