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The dissemination of online hate speech can have serious negative consequences for individuals, online communities, and entire societies. This and the large volume of hateful online content prompted both practitioners', i.e., in content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Julian Bäumler , Louis Blöcher , Lars-Joel Frey , Xian Chen , Markus Bayer , Christian Reuter

Machine learning models are commonly used to detect toxicity in online conversations. These models are trained on datasets annotated by human raters. We explore how raters' self-described identities impact how they annotate toxicity in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Nitesh Goyal , Ian Kivlichan , Rachel Rosen , Lucy Vasserman

Humans often hold different perspectives on the same issues. In many NLP tasks, annotation disagreement can reflect valid subjective perspectives. Modeling annotator perspectives and understanding their relationship with other human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Leixin Zhang , Cagri Coltekin

This paper conducts a user study to assess whether three machine learning (ML) interpretability layouts can influence participants' views when evaluating sentences containing hate speech, focusing on the "Misogyny" and "Racism" classes.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Thiago Freitas dos Santos , Nardine Osman , Marco Schorlemmer

In this paper, we introduce HateBERT, a re-trained BERT model for abusive language detection in English. The model was trained on RAL-E, a large-scale dataset of Reddit comments in English from communities banned for being offensive,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Tommaso Caselli , Valerio Basile , Jelena Mitrović , Michael Granitzer

Emotion recognition algorithms rely on data annotated with high quality labels. However, emotion expression and perception are inherently subjective. There is generally not a single annotation that can be unambiguously declared "correct".…

Identifying misogyny using artificial intelligence is a form of combating online toxicity against women. However, the subjective nature of interpreting misogyny poses a significant challenge to model the phenomenon. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jason Angel , Segun Taofeek Aroyehun , Grigori Sidorov , Alexander Gelbukh

Over the past two decades, speech emotion recognition (SER) has received growing attention. To train SER systems, researchers collect emotional speech databases annotated by crowdsourced or in-house raters who select emotions from…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-08 Huang-Cheng Chou , Chi-Chun Lee

Design biases in NLP systems, such as performance differences for different populations, often stem from their creator's positionality, i.e., views and lived experiences shaped by identity and background. Despite the prevalence and risks of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Sebastin Santy , Jenny T. Liang , Ronan Le Bras , Katharina Reinecke , Maarten Sap

This research explores the annotation of rhetorical relations in discourse using the INCEpTION tool and compares manual annotation with automatic approaches based on large language models. The study focuses on sports reports (specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Mehedi Hasan Emon

Generalization is an important attribute of machine learning models, particularly for those that are to be deployed in a medical context, where unreliable predictions can have real world consequences. While the failure of models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Brennan Nichyporuk , Jillian Cardinell , Justin Szeto , Raghav Mehta , Jean-Pierre R. Falet , Douglas L. Arnold , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris , Tal Arbel

Recent work has explored the use of personal information in the form of persona sentences or self-disclosures to improve modeling of individual characteristics and prediction of annotator labels for subjective tasks. The volume of personal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kieran Henderson , Kian Omoomi , Vasudha Varadarajan , Allison Lahnala , Charles Welch

Aggressive comments on social media negatively impact human life. Such offensive contents are responsible for depression and suicidal-related activities. Since online social networking is increasing day by day, the hate content is also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Nova Ahmed , Alfredo Cuzzocrea

Nowadays, the automatic detection of emotions is employed by many applications in different fields like security informatics, e-learning, humor detection, targeted advertising, etc. Many of these applications focus on social media and treat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Wegdan Hussien , Mahmoud Al-Ayyoub , Yahya Tashtoush , Mohammed Al-Kabi

Current deep learning paradigms largely benefit from the tremendous amount of annotated data. However, the quality of the annotations often varies among labelers. Multi-observer studies have been conducted to study these annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Xiaosong Wang , Ziyue Xu , Dong Yang , Leo Tam , Holger Roth , Daguang Xu

Academic researchers and social media entities grappling with the identification of hate speech face significant challenges, primarily due to the vast scale of data and the dynamic nature of hate speech. Given the ethical and practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Dengyi Liu , Minghao Wang , Andrew G. Catlin

Pretrained language models are publicly available and constantly finetuned for various real-life applications. As they become capable of grasping complex contextual information, harmful biases are likely increasingly intertwined with those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Sophie Jentzsch , Cigdem Turan

There have been remarkable breakthroughs in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, notably in the areas of Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning. Additionally, hate speech detection in dialogues has been gaining popularity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Durgesh Nandini , Ute Schmid

Many annotation tasks in natural language processing are highly subjective in that there can be different valid and justified perspectives on what is a proper label for a given example. This also applies to the judgment of argument quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Philipp Heinisch , Matthias Orlikowski , Julia Romberg , Philipp Cimiano

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has advanced the benchmark in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, large amounts of labelled training data are required to train LLMs. Furthermore, data annotation and training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sargam Yadav , Abhishek Kaushik , Kevin McDaid