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Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is the primary metric for ranking models in data-driven generative modeling. While remarkably successful, the metric is known to sometimes disagree with human judgement. We investigate a root cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Tuomas Kynkäänniemi , Tero Karras , Miika Aittala , Timo Aila , Jaakko Lehtinen

Feature embeddings acquired from pretrained models are widely used in medical applications of deep learning to assess the characteristics of datasets; e.g. to determine the quality of synthetic, generated medical images. The Fr\'{e}chet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ciaran Bench , Vivek Desai , Carlijn Roozemond , Ruben van Engen , Spencer A. Thomas

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), computed with an ImageNet pretrained Inception-v3 network, is widely used as a state-of-the-art evaluation metric for generative models. It assumes that feature vectors from Inception-v3 follow a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuli Wu , Fucheng Liu , Rüveyda Yilmaz , Henning Konermann , Peter Walter , Johannes Stegmaier

Determining whether two sets of images belong to the same or different distributions or domains is a crucial task in modern medical image analysis and deep learning; for example, to evaluate the output quality of image generative models.…

Synthetic images are an option for augmenting limited medical imaging datasets to improve the performance of various machine learning models. A common metric for evaluating synthetic image quality is the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-30 Thomas Wallace , Ik Siong Heng , Senad Subasic , Chris Messenger

The rapid advancement of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) necessitates the need to robustly evaluate these models. Among the established evaluation criteria, the Fr\'{e}chetInception Distance (FID) has been widely adopted due to its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Lorenzo Luzi , Helen Jenne , Ryan Murray , Carlos Ortiz Marrero

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

Perceptual metrics, like the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), are widely used to assess the similarity between synthetically generated and ground truth (real) images. The key idea behind these metrics is to compute errors in a deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Krish Kabra , Guha Balakrishnan

Advancements like Generative Adversarial Networks have attracted the attention of researchers toward face image synthesis to generate ever more realistic images. Thereby, the need for the evaluation criteria to assess the realism of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Erdi Sarıtaş , Hazım Kemal Ekenel

Generative adversarial networks or GANs are a type of generative modeling framework. GANs involve a pair of neural networks engaged in a competition in iteratively creating fake data, indistinguishable from the real data. One notable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Eric J. Nunn , Pejman Khadivi , Shadrokh Samavi

The growth of generative adversarial network (GAN) models has increased the ability of image processing and provides numerous industries with the technology to produce realistic image transformations. However, with the field being recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ricardo de Deijn , Aishwarya Batra , Brandon Koch , Naseef Mansoor , Hema Makkena

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

Although generative adversarial networks (GANs) have shown promise in medical imaging, they have four main limitations that impeded their utility: computational cost, data requirements, reliable evaluation measures, and training complexity.…

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is widely used to evaluate image generators, yet lower FID does not always correspond to better sample quality. We show that this mismatch depends in part on the geometry of the reference dataset. In a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunghee Lee , Byeonghyun Pak

Assessing distances between images and image datasets is a fundamental task in vision-based research. It is a challenging open problem in the literature and despite the criticism it receives, the most ubiquitous method remains the Fr\'echet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Doruk Cetin , Benedikt Schesch , Petar Stamenkovic , Niko Benjamin Huber , Fabio Zünd , Majed El Helou

We introduce a new metric to assess the quality of generated images that is more reliable, data-efficient, compute-efficient, and adaptable to new domains than the previous metrics, such as Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). The proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Pranav Jeevan , Neeraj Nixon , Amit Sethi

Modern metrics for generative learning like Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and DINOv2-Fr\'echet Distance (FD-DINOv2) demonstrate impressive performance. However, they suffer from various shortcomings, like a bias towards specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lokesh Veeramacheneni , Moritz Wolter , Hildegard Kuehne , Juergen Gall

Recent advances in generative modeling have led to an increased interest in the study of statistical divergences as means of model comparison. Commonly used evaluation methods, such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), correlate well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Olivier Bachem , Mario Lucic , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly

We propose the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD), a novel, reference-free evaluation metric for music enhancement algorithms. We demonstrate how typical evaluation metrics for speech enhancement and blind source separation can fail to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-18 Kevin Kilgour , Mauricio Zuluaga , Dominik Roblek , Matthew Sharifi

In this paper, we propose an improved quantitative evaluation framework for Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on generating domain-specific images, where we improve conventional evaluation methods on two levels: the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Shaohui Liu , Yi Wei , Jiwen Lu , Jie Zhou
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