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Football is a very result-driven industry, with goals being rarer than in most sports, so having further parameters to judge the performance of teams and individuals is key. Expected Goals (xG) allow further insight than just a scoreline.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 James H. Hewitt , Oktay Karakuş

This study develops a hierarchical Bayesian framework that integrates expert domain knowledge to quantify player-specific effects in expected goals (xG) estimation, addressing a limitation of standard models that treat all players as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Mikayil Mahmudlu , Oktay Karakuş , Hasan Arkadaş

Expected goals (xG) models estimate the probability that a shot results in a goal from its context (e.g., location, pressure), but they operate only on observed shots. We propose xG+, a possession-level framework that first estimates the…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-27 Jonathan Pipping-Gamón , Tianshu Feng , R. Paul Sabin

Expected Goals (xG) has emerged as a popular tool for evaluating finishing skill in soccer analytics. It involves comparing a player's cumulative xG with their actual goal output, where consistent overperformance indicates strong finishing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Jesse Davis , Pieter Robberechts

A popular quantitative approach to evaluating player performance in sports involves comparing an observed outcome to the expected outcome ignoring player involvement, which is estimated using statistical or machine learning methods. In…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-22 Robert Bajons , Lucas Kook

Analysis of the popular expected goals (xG) metric in soccer has determined that a (slightly) smaller number of high-quality attempts will likely yield more goals than a slew of low-quality ones. This observation has driven a change in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Maaike Van Roy , Pieter Robberechts , Wen-Chi Yang , Luc De Raedt , Jesse Davis

Goals are results of pin-point shots and it is a pivotal decision in soccer when, how and where to shoot. The main contribution of this study is two-fold. At first, after showing that there exists high spatial correlation in the data of…

Applications · Statistics 2021-04-08 Soudeep Deb , Debangan Dey

Probabilistic modeling is an effective tool for evaluating team performance and predicting outcomes in sports. However, an important question that hasn't been fully explored is whether these models can reliably reflect actual performance…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-18 Sheikh Badar Ud Din Tahir , Leonardo Egidi , Nicola Torelli

This paper employs a Bayesian methodology to predict the results of soccer matches in real-time. Using sequential data of various events throughout the match, we utilize a multinomial probit regression in a novel framework to estimate the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-10-17 Chinmay Divekar , Soudeep Deb , Rishideep Roy

We consider the task of determining the number of chances a soccer team creates, along with the composite nature of each chance-the players involved and the locations on the pitch of the assist and the chance. We propose an interpretable…

Applications · Statistics 2018-02-26 Gavin A. Whitaker , Ricardo Silva , Daniel Edwards

The use of statistical methods in sport analytics has gained a rapidly growing interest over the last decade, and nowadays is common practice. In particular, the interest in understanding and predicting an athlete's performance throughout…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-21 Patric Dolmeta , Raffaele Argiento , Silvia Montagna

Traditional NBA player evaluation metrics are based on scoring differential or some pace-adjusted linear combination of box score statistics like points, rebounds, assists, etc. These measures treat performances with the outcome of the game…

Applications · Statistics 2023-09-21 Sameer K. Deshpande , Shane T. Jensen

We consider the task of determining a football player's ability for a given event type, for example, scoring a goal. We propose an interpretable Bayesian model which is fit using variational inference methods. We implement a Poisson model…

Applications · Statistics 2020-09-24 Gavin A. Whitaker , Ricardo Silva , Daniel Edwards , Ioannis Kosmidis

In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on the prediction of association football. Due to this, several studies have proposed different types of statistical models to predict the outcome of a football match. However, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-11 Roberto Macrì-Demartino , Leonardo Egidi , Nicola Torelli

Complex interactions between two opposing agents frequently occur in domains of machine learning, game theory, and other application domains. Quantitatively analyzing the strategies involved can provide an objective basis for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Calvin C. K. Yeung , Keisuke Fujii

In-game win probability models, which provide a sports team's likelihood of winning at each point in a game based on historical observations, are becoming increasingly popular. In baseball, basketball and American football, they have become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Pieter Robberechts , Jan Van Haaren , Jesse Davis

Injuries have a great impact on professional soccer, due to their large influence on team performance and the considerable costs of rehabilitation for players. Existing studies in the literature provide just a preliminary understanding of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-06 Alessio Rossi , Luca Pappalardo , Paolo Cintia , Marcello Iaia , Javier Fernandez , Daniel Medina

Basketball shot charts provide valuable information regarding local patterns of in-game performance to coaches, players, sports analysts, and statisticians. The spatial patterns of where shots were attempted and whether the shots were…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-05 Jiahao Cao , Qingpo Cai , Lance A. Waller , DeMarc A. Hickson , Guanyu Hu , Jian Kang

The expected goal provides a more representative measure of the team and player performance which also suit the low-scoring nature of football instead of score in modern football. The score of a match involves randomness and often may not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Mustafa Cavus , Przemysław Biecek

Numerous statistics have been proposed for the measure of offensive ability in major league baseball. While some of these measures may offer moderate predictive power in certain situations, it is unclear which simple offensive metrics are…

Applications · Statistics 2021-07-21 Blakeley B. McShane , Alexander Braunstein , James Piette , Shane T. Jensen
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