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Current out-of-distribution (OOD) detection benchmarks are commonly built by defining one dataset as in-distribution (ID) and all others as OOD. However, these benchmarks unfortunately introduce some unwanted and impractical goals, e.g., to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Jingkang Yang , Haoqi Wang , Litong Feng , Xiaopeng Yan , Huabin Zheng , Wayne Zhang , Ziwei Liu

Being able to successfully determine whether the testing samples has similar distribution as the training samples is a fundamental question to address before we can safely deploy most of the machine learning models into practice. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Zhaiming Shen , Menglun Wang , Guang Cheng , Ming-Jun Lai , Lin Mu , Ruihao Huang , Qi Liu , Hao Zhu

Deep neural networks often struggle to recognize when an input lies outside their training experience, leading to unreliable and overconfident predictions. Building dependable machine learning systems therefore requires methods that can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Pirzada Suhail , Rehna Afroz , Amit Sethi

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied across numerous sequential decision-making problems, their generalization to unforeseen testing environments remains a significant concern. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Linas Nasvytis , Kai Sandbrink , Jakob Foerster , Tim Franzmeyer , Christian Schroeder de Witt

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring reliable deployment of machine learning models. Recent advancements focus on utilizing easily accessible auxiliary outliers (e.g., data from the web or other datasets) in training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Haiyun Yao , Zongbo Han , Huazhu Fu , Xi Peng , Qinghua Hu , Changqing Zhang

Despite the significant research efforts on trajectory prediction for automated driving, limited work exists on assessing the prediction reliability. To address this limitation we propose an approach that covers two sources of error, namely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Julian Wiederer , Julian Schmidt , Ulrich Kressel , Klaus Dietmayer , Vasileios Belagiannis

To detect distribution shifts and improve model safety, many out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods rely on the predictive uncertainty or features of supervised models trained on in-distribution data. In this paper, we critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yucen Lily Li , Daohan Lu , Polina Kirichenko , Shikai Qiu , Tim G. J. Rudner , C. Bayan Bruss , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Machine learning algorithms often encounter different or "out-of-distribution" (OOD) data at deployment time, and OOD detection is frequently employed to detect these examples. While it works reasonably well in practice, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Konstantin Garov , Kamalika Chaudhuri

Deep neural networks have shown outstanding performance in computer vision tasks such as semantic segmentation and have defined the state-of-the-art. However, these segmentation models are trained on a closed and predefined set of semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Samuel Marschall , Kira Maag

Robustness is a fundamental aspect for developing safe and trustworthy models, particularly when they are deployed in the open world. In this work we analyze the inherent capability of one-stage object detectors to robustly operate in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Aitor Martinez-Seras , Javier Del Ser , Aitzol Olivares-Rad , Alain Andres , Pablo Garcia-Bringas

We reconsider the evaluation of OOD detection methods for image recognition. Although many studies have been conducted so far to build better OOD detection methods, most of them follow Hendrycks and Gimpel's work for the method of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Engkarat Techapanurak , Takayuki Okatani

Graph neural networks are widely used for node classification, but they remain vulnerable to out-of-distribution (OOD) shifts in node features and graph structure. Prior work established that methods trained with standard supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Danny Wang , Ruihong Qiu , Zi Huang

Understanding the decision-making and trusting the reliability of Deep Machine Learning Models is crucial for adopting such methods to safety-relevant applications. We extend self-explainable Prototypical Variational models with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Conrad Orglmeister , Erik Bochinski , Volker Eiselein , Elvira Fleig

Semantically coherent out-of-distribution detection (SCOOD) is a recently proposed realistic OOD detection setting: given labeled in-distribution (ID) data and mixed in-distribution and out-of-distribution unlabeled data as the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zhimao Peng , Enguang Wang , Xialei Liu , Ming-Ming Cheng

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential when deploying machine learning models in open-world scenarios. Zero-shot OOD detection, requiring no training on in-distribution (ID) data, has been possible with the advent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Chentao Cao , Zhun Zhong , Zhanke Zhou , Yang Liu , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a central challenge for safely deploying machine learning models in the real world. Previous methods commonly rely on an OOD score derived from the overparameterized weight space, while largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Yiyou Sun , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safety-sensitive machine learning applications and has been extensively studied, yielding a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, most studies for OOD detection did not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Pretrained Transformers achieve remarkable performance when training and test data are from the same distribution. However, in real-world scenarios, the model often faces out-of-distribution (OOD) instances that can cause severe semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Wenxuan Zhou , Fangyu Liu , Muhao Chen

Machine Learning classifiers used in Brain-Computer Interfaces make classifications based on the distribution of data they were trained on. When they need to make inferences on samples that fall outside of this distribution, they can only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Merlijn Quincent Mulder , Matias Valdenegro-Toro , Andreea Ioana Sburlea , Ivo Pascal de Jong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for reliable machine learning. Recent advances in representation learning give rise to distance-based OOD detection, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yifei Ming , Yiyou Sun , Ousmane Dia , Yixuan Li
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