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Data is a crucial component of machine learning. The field is reliant on data to train, validate, and test models. With increased technical capabilities, machine learning research has boomed in both academic and industry settings, and one…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Morgan Klaus Scheuerman , Emily Denton , Alex Hanna

Deriving inference from heterogeneous inputs (such as images, text, and audio) is an important skill for humans to perform day-to-day tasks. A similar ability is desirable for the development of advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Shailaja Keyur Sampat , Mutsumi Nakamura , Shankar Kailas , Kartik Aggarwal , Mandy Zhou , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

The practical impact of deep learning on complex supervised learning problems has been significant, so much so that almost every Artificial Intelligence problem, or at least a portion thereof, has been somehow recast as a deep learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-19 Housam Khalifa Bashier Babiker , Randy Goebel

True intelligence hinges on the ability to uncover and leverage hidden causal relations. Despite significant progress in AI and computer vision (CV), there remains a lack of benchmarks for assessing models' abilities to infer latent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Disheng Liu , Yiran Qiao , Wuche Liu , Yiren Lu , Yunlai Zhou , Tuo Liang , Yu Yin , Jing Ma

State-of-the-art results in typical classification tasks are mostly achieved by unexplainable machine learning methods, like deep neural networks, for instance. Contrarily, in this paper, we investigate the application of rule learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Albert Nössig , Tobias Hell , Georg Moser

While table understanding increasingly relies on pixel-only settings, current benchmarks predominantly use synthetic renderings that lack the complexity and visual diversity of real-world tables. Additionally, existing visual table…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Iñigo Alonso , Imanol Miranda , Eneko Agirre , Mirella Lapata

Recent advancements in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promising results in mathematical reasoning within visual contexts, with models approaching human-level performance on existing benchmarks such as MathVista. However, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Ke Wang , Junting Pan , Weikang Shi , Zimu Lu , Mingjie Zhan , Hongsheng Li

Large vision-language models (VLMs) have garnered increasing interest in autonomous driving areas, due to their advanced capabilities in complex reasoning tasks essential for highly autonomous vehicle behavior. Despite their potential,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ming Nie , Renyuan Peng , Chunwei Wang , Xinyue Cai , Jianhua Han , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

A hallmark of advanced artificial intelligence is the capacity to progress from passive visual perception to the strategic modification of visual information to facilitate complex reasoning. This advanced capability, however, remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jingkun Ma , Runzhe Zhan , Yang Li , Di Sun , Hou Pong Chan , Lidia S. Chao , Derek F. Wong

Distinguishing spatial relations is a basic part of human cognition which requires fine-grained perception on cross-instance. Although benchmarks like MME, MMBench and SEED comprehensively have evaluated various capabilities which already…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Peijin Xie , Lin Sun , Bingquan Liu , Dexin Wang , Xiangzheng Zhang , Chengjie Sun , Jiajia Zhang

Understanding images and text together is an important aspect of cognition and building advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. As a community, we have achieved good benchmarks over language and vision domains separately, however…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Shailaja Keyur Sampat , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to interpret visual representations of data is crucial for advancing their application in data analysis and decision-making processes. This paper presents a novel synthetic dataset designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Aneta Pawelec , Victoria Sara Wesołowska , Zuzanna Bączek , Piotr Sankowski

As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) grow in sophistication, their ability to perform reasoning is coming under increasing supervision. While they excel at many tasks, their grasp of fundamental scientific principles, such as physics, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Pranav Pawar , Kavish Shah , Akshat Bhalani , Komal Kasat , Dev Mittal , Hadi Gala , Deepali Patil , Nikita Raichada , Monali Deshmukh

Despite the remarkable progress of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) in adopting "Thinking-with-Images" capabilities, accurately evaluating the authenticity of their reasoning process remains a critical challenge. Existing benchmarks mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xuchen Li , Xuzhao Li , Renjie Pi , Shiyu Hu , Jian Zhao , Jiahui Gao

Visual commonsense understanding requires Vision Language (VL) models to not only understand image and text but also cross-reference in-between to fully integrate and achieve comprehension of the visual scene described. Recently, various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Zhecan Wang , Haoxuan You , Yicheng He , Wenhao Li , Kai-Wei Chang , Shih-Fu Chang

Despite strong performance in visual understanding and language-based reasoning, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) struggle with tasks requiring integrated perception and symbolic computation. We study this limitation through visual equation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Monjoy Narayan Choudhury , Junling Wang , Yifan Hou , Mrinmaya Sachan

Visual Question Answering (VQA) methods have made incredible progress, but suffer from a failure to generalize. This is visible in the fact that they are vulnerable to learning coincidental correlations in the data rather than deeper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Xinyu Wang , Yuliang Liu , Chunhua Shen , Chun Chet Ng , Canjie Luo , Lianwen Jin , Chee Seng Chan , Anton van den Hengel , Liangwei Wang

One of the primary challenges faced by deep learning is the degree to which current methods exploit superficial statistics and dataset bias, rather than learning to generalise over the specific representations they have experienced. This is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Damien Teney , Peng Wang , Jiewei Cao , Lingqiao Liu , Chunhua Shen , Anton van den Hengel

Although Vision Language Models (VLMs) exhibit strong perceptual abilities and impressive visual reasoning, they struggle with attention to detail and precise action planning in complex, dynamic environments, leading to subpar performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Xinrun Xu , Pi Bu , Ye Wang , Börje F. Karlsson , Ziming Wang , Tengtao Song , Qi Zhu , Jun Song , Zhiming Ding , Bo Zheng

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…