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The evolution toward 6G communication systems is expected to rely on integrated three-dimensional network architectures where terrestrial infrastructures coexist with non-terrestrial stations such as satellites, enabling ubiquitous…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-27 Nicolò Cenni , Marina Barbiroli , Vittorio Degli-Esposti , Enrico M. Vitucci , Carla Amatetti , Franco Fuschini

Given their extensive geographic coverage, low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are envisioned to find their way into next-generation (6G) wireless communications. This paper explores space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) leveraging…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Chao Zhang , Qingchao Li , Chao Xu , Lie-Liang Yang , Lajos Hanzo

The fast motion of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites causes the propagation channel to vary rapidly, and its behavior is strongly shaped by the surrounding environment, especially at low elevation angles where signals are highly susceptible…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Jingyi Tian , Lin Cai

This work presents a high-resolution, ray-tracing-based channel modeling for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite-to-ground links in a suburban environment at X-band. Using simulations conducted in Wireless InSite, we develop a parametric…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Wahab Khawaja , Ismail Guvenc , Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen

The radio wave propagation channel is central to the performance of wireless communication systems. In this paper, we introduce a novel machine learning-empowered methodology for wireless channel modeling. The key ingredients include a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-26 Ge Cao , Zhen Peng

The co-existence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is essential for achieving global coverage in sixth-generation cellular networks. Due to increasing spectrum demand, there is discussion in the world level to share some…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Lingrui Zhang , Zheng Li , Sheng Yang

Scalability is a major challenge in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite networks due to the massive number of ground users sharing the limited sub-6 GHz spectrum. Using K- and higher bands is a promising alternative to increase the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Shashi Raj Pandey , Petar Popovski , Fabio Saggese , Beatriz Soret , Cedomir Stefanovic

Vehicular communication channels are characterized by a non-stationary time- and frequency-selective fading process due to fast changes in the environment. We characterize the distribution of the envelope of the first delay bin in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-04-06 Laura Bernadó , Thomas Zemen , Fredrik Tufvesson , Andreas F. Molisch , Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker

The co-existence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is essential for achieving comprehensive global coverage in sixth-generation cellular networks. Given the escalating demand for spectrum, there is an ongoing global…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-13 Lingrui Zhang , Zheng Li , Sheng Yang

Integrated satellite-terrestrial networks (ISTNs) can significantly expand network coverage while diminishing reliance on terrestrial infrastructure. Despite the enticing potential of ISTNs, there is no comprehensive mathematical…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-19 Jungbin Yim , Jeonghun Park , Namyoon Lee

Based on the vision of global coverage for sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication systems, the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite-to-ground channel model for urban scenarios has emerged as highly important for the system design. In this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-07 Jiahao Ning , Jinhao Deng , Yuanfang Li , Chi Zhao , Jiashu Liu , Songjiang Yang , Yinghua Wang , Jie Huang , Cheng-Xiang Wang

We study the realism of Sionna v1.0.2 ray-tracing for outdoor cellular links in central Rome. We use a real measurement set of 1,664 user-equipments (UEs) and six nominal base-station (BS) sites. Using these fixed positions we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Armen Manukyan , Hrant Khachatrian , Edvard Ghukasyan , Theofanis P. Raptis

Future dense small-cell networks are one key 5G candidates to offer outdoor high access data rates, especially in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. At those frequencies, the free space propagation loss and shadowing (from buildings,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-11-23 Yoann Corre , Romain Charbonnier , Mohammed Zahid Aslam , Yves Lostanlen

We derive a physics-based, closed-form model linking antenna directivity to the root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread and mean excess delay in large reverberant indoor environments. Starting from the Rician K-factor-the ratio of line-of-sight…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-11 Dimitrios C. Tzarouchis

At millimeter-wave frequencies, diffuse scattering from rough surfaces is an important propagation mechanism. Including this mechanism in radio propagation modeling tools,such as ray-tracing, is a key step towards realizing accurate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-16 Stefanos Bakirtzis , Takahiro Hashimoto , Costas D. Sarris

This paper shows that, when considering outdoor scenarios and wireless communications using the IEEE 802.11 protocol with dipole antennas, the ground reflection is a significant propagation mechanism. This way, the Two-Ray model for this…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Clara R. P. Baldansa , Roberto C. G. Porto , Bruno José Olivieri de Souza , Vítor G. Andrezo Carneiro , Markus Endler

The "near-field" propagation modeling of wireless channels is necessary to support sixth-generation (6G) technologies, such as intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), that are enabled by large aperture antennas and higher frequency carriers.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Navneet Agrawal , Ehsan Tohidi , Renato L. G. Cavalcante , Sławomir Stańczak

Accurately estimating the refractive environment over multiple frequencies within the marine atmospheric boundary layer is crucial for the effective deployment of radar technologies. Traditional parabolic equation simulations, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Sarah E. Wessinger , Leslie N. Smith , Jacob Gull , Jonathan Gehman , Zachary Beever , Andrew J. Kammerer

Recently, ray tracing has gained renewed interest with the advent of Reflective Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) technology, a key enabler of 6G wireless communications due to its capability of intelligent manipulation of electromagnetic waves.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Huiying Yang , Zihan Jin , Chenhao Wu , Rujing Xiong , Robert Caiming Qiu , Zenan Ling

In the present study, a measurement setup utilizing mm-wave transceivers with steerable directive antennas, mounted on both a customized UAV and a ground station has been used to study Air-to-Ground (A2G) radio links and, more generally,…

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