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Reasoning on knowledge graphs is a challenging task because it utilizes observed information to predict the missing one. Particularly, answering complex queries based on first-order logic is one of the crucial tasks to verify learning to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Hang Yin , Zihao Wang , Yangqiu Song

Visual language is a system of communication that conveys information through symbols, shapes, and spatial arrangements. Diagrams are a typical example of a visual language depicting complex concepts and their relationships in the form of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yifan Hou , Buse Giledereli , Yilei Tu , Mrinmaya Sachan

While the ZX and ZW calculi have been effective as graphical reasoning tools for finite-dimensional quantum computation, the possibilities for continuous-variable quantum computation (CVQC) in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space are only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-06 Razin A. Shaikh , Lia Yeh , Stefano Gogioso

The ZX-calculus is an algebraic formalism that allows quantum computations to be simplified via a small number of simple graphical rewrite rules. Recently, it was shown that, when combined with a family of "sum-over-Cliffords" techniques,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Matthew Sutcliffe , Aleks Kissinger

Categorical quantum mechanics (CQM) and the theory of quantum groups rely heavily on the use of structures that have both an algebraic and co-algebraic component, making them well-suited for manipulation using diagrammatic techniques.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-12-31 Aleks Kissinger , David Quick

We present a completely new approach to quantum circuit optimisation, based on the ZX-calculus. We first interpret quantum circuits as ZX-diagrams, which provide a flexible, lower-level language for describing quantum computations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-01 Ross Duncan , Aleks Kissinger , Simon Perdrix , John van de Wetering

Graphical calculus is an intuitive visual notation for manipulating tensors and index contractions. Using graphical calculus leads to simple and memorable derivations, and with a bit of practice one can learn to prove complex identities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-05 Filippo M. Miatto

Graph and network visualization supports exploration, analysis and communication of relational data arising in many domains: from biological and social networks, to transportation and powergrid systems. With the arrival of AI-based…

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) attempts to unify general relativity with quantum physics to offer a complete description of the universe by quantising spacetime geometry, but the numerical calculations we encounter are extraordinarily…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-21 Ben Priestley

This article presents a novel algorithmic methodology for performing automated diagrammatic deductions over combinatorial structures, using a combination of modified equational theorem-proving techniques and the extended Wolfram model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

We introduce a high-level graphical framework for designing and analysing quantum error correcting codes, centred on what we term the coherent parity check (CPC). The graphical formulation is based on the diagrammatic tools of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-21 Nicholas Chancellor , Aleks Kissinger , Joschka Roffe , Stefan Zohren , Dominic Horsman

Creating stylized visualization requires going beyond the limited, abstract, geometric marks produced by most tools. Rather, the designer builds stylized idioms where the marks are both transformed (e.g., photographs of candles instead of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Jiaqi Wu , John Joon Young Chung , Eytan Adar

Fathoming out quantum state space is a challenging endeavor due to its exponentially growing dimensionality. At the expense of being bound in its expressiveness, the discrete and finite subspace of graph states is easier to investigate via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-23 Matthias Miller , Daniel Miller

Most fuzzy systems including fuzzy decision support and fuzzy control systems provide out-puts in the form of fuzzy sets that represent the inferred conclusions. Linguistic interpretation of such outputs often involves the use of linguistic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-30 Ryszard Kowalczyk

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve important problems classical computers never will. However, in order to capitalize on these prospects, a fully automated quantum software stack needs to be developed. This involves a multitude…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-12 Robert Wille , Lukas Burgholzer , Stefan Hillmich , Thomas Grurl , Alexander Ploier , Tom Peham

Graph problems are fundamentally challenging for large language models (LLMs). While LLMs excel at processing unstructured text, graph tasks require reasoning over explicit structure, permutation invariance, and computationally complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Angelo Zangari , Peyman Baghershahi , Sourav Medya

Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in graph representation learning, with the continuous embedding approach emerging as the dominant paradigm. However, such methods encounter issues regarding parameter efficiency, interpretability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Qika Lin , Zhen Peng , Kaize Shi , Kai He , Yiming Xu , Jian Zhang , Erik Cambria , Mengling Feng

Parsing is an important problem in computer science and yet surprisingly little attention has been devoted to its formal verification. In this paper, we present TRX: a parser interpreter formally developed in the proof assistant Coq,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Adam Koprowski , Henri Binsztok

Diagrams are widely used to visualize data in publications. The research field of data visualization deals with defining principles and guidelines for the creation and use of these diagrams, which are often not known or adhered to by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Johannes Rückert , Louise Bloch , Christoph M. Friedrich

CoqQ is a framework for reasoning about quantum programs in the Coq proof assistant. Its main components are: a deeply embedded quantum programming language, in which classic quantum algorithms are easily expressed, and an expressive…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Li Zhou , Gilles Barthe , Pierre-Yves Strub , Junyi Liu , Mingsheng Ying