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This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

This paper discusses the modeling of inverters used in distributed energy resources in steady state. Modeling the interaction between distribution grids and inverter-based resources is crucial to understand the consequences for the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-13 Rahmat Heidari , Frederik Geth

This paper proposes a systematic framework to assess the small-signal stability of power systems with high shares of grid-following inverter-based resources (IBRs) under varying controller parameters and operating conditions. Stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Francesco Conte , Fernando Mancilla-David , Federico Silvestro , Samuele Grillo

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

Power systems with a high penetration of renewable generation are vulnerable to frequency oscillation and voltage instability. Traditionally, the stability of power systems is considered either in terms of local stability or as an angle…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Xinyuan Jiang , Constantino M. Lagoa , Daning Huang , Yan Li

One of the most important challenges facing an electric grid is to incorporate renewables and distributed energy resources (DERs) to the grid. Because of the associated uncertainties in power generations and peak power demands,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-15 Mayank Baranwal , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

High variability of solar PV and sudden changes in load (e.g., electric vehicles and storage) can lead to large voltage fluctuations in the distribution system. In recent years, a number of controllers have been designed to optimize voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-15 Wenqi Cui , Yiheng Xie , Steven Low , Adam Wierman , Baosen Zhang

The conventional approach for the control of distribution networks, in the presence of active generation and/or controllable loads and storage, involves a combination of both frequency and voltage regulation at different time scales. With…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-02-05 Andrey Bernstein , Lorenzo Reyes-Chamorro , Jean-Yves Le Boudec , Mario Paolone

The existing decentralized control for cascaded inverters is based on the assumption that all modules have same capacities, and a local fixed-amplitude-varied-phase voltage control is adopted for each inverter module. However, available…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-12-21 Xiaochao Hou , Yao Sun , Xin Zhang , Jinsong He , Josep Pou

In power networks based on Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs), fast controllers cause frequency and voltage dynamics to overlap. Thus, it becomes critical to assess the overall dynamic performance of such networks through a combined…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Bernal , Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

The increasing number of inverter based resources (IBRs) connected to modern power systems necessitate accurate modeling of IBRs in stability studies. Measurement-based modeling approaches can create an impedance/admittance model of IBRs to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-28 Sushrut Thakar , Deepak Ramasubramanian

The development of more complex inverter-based resources (IBRs) control is becoming essential as a result of the growing share of renewable energy sources in power systems. Given the diverse range of control schemes, grid operators are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-21 Aldin Dželo , Amer Mešanović , Mirsad Cosovic

As inverter-based resources (IBRs) penetrate power systems, the dynamics become more complex, exhibiting multiple timescales, including electromagnetic transient (EMT) dynamics of power electronic controllers and electromechanical dynamics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-17 Kaiyang Huang , Min Xiong , Yang Liu , Kai Sun

With the fast-increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the voltage support capability of the grid following (GFL) IBRs under low voltage ride through (LVRT) control significantly influences the transient voltage stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Fangyuan Sun , Ruisheng Diao , Ruiyuan Zeng , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Qian

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

Integration of renewable energy resources with the electric grid is necessary for a sustainable energy future. However, increased penetration of inverter based resources (IBRs) reduce grid inertia, which might then compromise power system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-18 Hashem Albhrani , Reetam Sen Biswas , Anamitra Pal

Differing from synchronous generators (SGs), grid-forming inverter-based resources (GFM-IBRs) exhibit rapid variations in their output impedances during transmission line faults due to the overcurrent limitation. As a result, the source…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Yifei Li , Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

In recent years, the contribution of renewable energy resources to the electrical grid has increased drastically; the most common of these are photovoltaic solar panels and wind turbines. These resources rely on inverters to interface with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 John Slane , Adam Mate

Volt-VAR and Volt-Watt functionality in photovoltaic (PV) smart inverters provide mechanisms to ensure system voltage magnitudes and power factors remain within acceptable limits. However, these control functions can become unstable,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-02 Daniel Arnold , Shammya Saha , Sy-Toan Ngo , Ciaran Roberts , Anna Scaglione , Nathan Johnson , Sean Peisert , David Pinney

Active power oscillations frequently arise in inverter-dominated power systems with multiple converters operating under Virtual Synchronous Generator control, posing risks to system stability and protection coordination. While various…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-29 Junjie Xiao , Lu Wang , Xiong Du , Pedro Rodriguez , Zian Qin