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The scaling law, a cornerstone of Large Language Model (LLM) development, predicts improvements in model performance with increasing computational resources. Yet, while empirically validated, its theoretical underpinnings remain poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chiwun Yang

Large language models (LLMs) open up new horizons for sequential recommendations, owing to their remarkable language comprehension and generation capabilities. However, there are still numerous challenges that should be addressed to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Yuling Wang , Changxin Tian , Binbin Hu , Yanhua Yu , Ziqi Liu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou , Liang Pang , Xiao Wang

Many machine learning models based on neural networks exhibit scaling laws: their performance scales as power laws with respect to the sizes of the model and training data set. We use large-N field theory methods to solve a model recently…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-05-31 Zhengkang Zhang

Modeling user preferences across domains remains a key challenge in slate recommendation (i.e. recommending an ordered sequence of items) research. We investigate how Large Language Models (LLM) can effectively act as world models of user…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Baptiste Bonin , Maxime Heuillet , Audrey Durand

When data is plentiful, the loss achieved by well-trained neural networks scales as a power-law $L \propto N^{-\alpha}$ in the number of network parameters $N$. This empirical scaling law holds for a wide variety of data modalities, and may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Utkarsh Sharma , Jared Kaplan

Dynamic ride-sharing services, including ride-pooling offered by ride-hailing platforms and demand-responsive buses, have become an essential part of urban mobility systems. These services cater to personalized and on-demand mobility…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-15 Wang Chen , Jintao Ke , Linchuan Yang

Rapid expansion of model size has emerged as a key challenge in time series forecasting. From early Transformer with tens of megabytes to recent architectures like TimesNet with thousands of megabytes, performance gains have often come at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Zeyan Li , Libing Chen , Yin Tang

Scaling laws have played a major role in the modern AI revolution, providing practitioners predictive power over how the model performance will improve with increasing data, compute, and number of model parameters. This has spurred an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Maissam Barkeshli , Alberto Alfarano , Andrey Gromov

Widely observed neural scaling laws, in which error falls off as a power of the training set size, model size, or both, have driven substantial performance improvements in deep learning. However, these improvements through scaling alone…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ben Sorscher , Robert Geirhos , Shashank Shekhar , Surya Ganguli , Ari S. Morcos

Human behaviors are often driven by human interests. Despite intense recent efforts in exploring the dynamics of human behaviors, little is known about human-interest dynamics, partly due to the extreme difficulty in accessing the human…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-07-31 Zhi-Dan Zhao , Zimo Yang , Zike Zhang , Tao Zhou , Zi-Gang Huang , Ying-Cheng Lai

The emergence of scaling laws has profoundly shaped the development of large language models (LLMs), enabling predictable performance gains through systematic increases in model size, dataset volume, and compute. Yet, these principles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Sheng Zhang , Qin Liu , Naoto Usuyama , Cliff Wong , Tristan Naumann , Hoifung Poon

Big models are widely used by online recommender systems to boost recommendation performance. They are usually learned on historical user behavior data to infer user interest and predict future user behaviors (e.g., clicks). In fact, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang

Human reasoning is shaped by resource rationality -- optimizing performance under constraints. Recently, inference-time scaling has emerged as a powerful paradigm to improve the reasoning performance of Large Language Models by expanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhimin Hu , Riya Roshan , Sashank Varma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a milestone in artificial intelligence, and their performance can improve as the model size increases. However, this scaling brings great challenges to training and inference efficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Chaojun Xiao , Jie Cai , Weilin Zhao , Guoyang Zeng , Biyuan Lin , Jie Zhou , Zhi Zheng , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

We present LLaTTE (LLM-Style Latent Transformers for Temporal Events), a scalable transformer architecture for production ads recommendation. Through systematic experiments, we demonstrate that sequence modeling in recommendation systems…

The scaling laws have become the de facto guidelines for designing large language models (LLMs), but they were studied under the assumption of unlimited computing resources for both training and inference. As LLMs are increasingly used as…

Code large language models (Code LLMs) are powerful but costly to train, with scaling laws predicting performance from model size, data, and compute. However, different programming languages (PLs) have varying impacts during pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jian Yang , Shawn Guo , Lin Jing , Wei Zhang , Aishan Liu , Chuan Hao , Zhoujun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Xianglong Liu , Weifeng Lv , Bryan Dai

Self-adaptation can be realized in various ways. Rule-based approaches prescribe the adaptation to be executed if the system or environment satisfies certain conditions. They result in scalable solutions but often with merely satisfying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Sona Ghahremani , Holger Giese , Thomas Vogel

Scaling laws are a critical component of the LLM development pipeline, most famously as a way to forecast training decisions such as 'compute-optimally' trading-off parameter count and dataset size, alongside a more recent growing list of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Nicholas Roberts , Niladri Chatterji , Sharan Narang , Mike Lewis , Dieuwke Hupkes

Improvements in language model capabilities are often attributed to increasing model size or training data, but in some cases smaller models trained on curated data or with different architectural decisions can outperform larger ones…