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This paper proposes an efficient stabilizer circuit simulation algorithm that only traverses the circuit forward once. We introduce phase symbolization into stabilizer generators, which allows possible Pauli faults in the circuit to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-23 Wang Fang , Mingsheng Ying

In quantum information and computation research, symbolic methods have been widely used for human specification and reasoning about quantum states and operations. At the same time, they are essential for ensuring the scalability and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Mingsheng Ying

Quantum computers are highly susceptible to errors due to unintended interactions with their environment. It is crucial to correct these errors without gaining information about the quantum state, which would result in its destruction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-22 Santiago Lopez , Jonathan Andrade Plascencia , Gabriel N. Perdue

It is important to protect quantum information against decoherence and operational errors, and quantum error-correcting (QEC) codes are the keys to solving this problem. Of course, just the existence of codes is not efficient. It is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jumpei Niwa , Keiji Matsumoto , Hiroshi Imai

Operator quantum error correction is a recently developed theory that provides a generalized framework for active error correction and passive error avoiding schemes. In this paper, we describe these codes in the stabilizer formalism of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 David Poulin

Error-correcting codes were invented to correct errors on noisy communication channels. Quantum error correction (QEC), however, may have a wider range of uses, including information transmission, quantum simulation/computation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-05 Ningping Cao , Junan Lin , David Kribs , Yiu-Tung Poon , Bei Zeng , Raymond Laflamme

As quantum hardware scales toward fault tolerant operation, the demand for correct quantum error correction (QEC) circuits far outpaces manual design capacity. AI agents offer a promising path to automating this synthesis, yet no benchmark…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Andres Paz , Christian Tarta , Cordelia Yuqiao Li , Mayee Sun , Sarju Patel , Sylvie Lausier

Scientific software is, by its very nature, complex. It is mathematical and highly optimized which makes it prone to subtle bugs not as easily detected by traditional testing. We outline how symbolic execution can be used to write tests…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Alexander C. Wilton

Symbolic Execution is a formal method that can be used to verify the behavior of computer programs and detect software vulnerabilities. Compared to other testing methods such as fuzzing, Symbolic Execution has the advantage of providing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Christopher Scherb , Luc Bryan Heitz , Hermann Grieder , Olivier Mattmann

Studies of quantum error correction (QEC) typically focus on stochastic Pauli errors because the existence of a threshold error rate below which stochastic Pauli errors can be corrected implies that there exists a threshold below which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

Canonical discrete quantum error correction (DQEC) schemes use projective von Neumann measurements on stabilizers to discretize the error syndromes into a finite set, and fast unitary gates are applied to recover the corrupted information.…

Quantum computers have advanced rapidly in qubit count and gate fidelity. However, large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing still relies on quantum error correction code (QECC) to suppress noise. Manually or experimentally verifying the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Kean Chen , Yuhao Liu , Wang Fang , Jennifer Paykin , Xin-Chuan Wu , Albert Schmitz , Steve Zdancewic , Gushu Li

In this paper we investigate stabilizer quantum error correction codes using controlled phase rotations of strong coherent probe states. We explicitly describe two methods to measure the Pauli operators which generate the stabilizer group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Casey R. Myers , Marcus Silva , Kae Nemoto , William J. Munro

In this paper we introduce a technique and a tool for formal verification of various quantum information processing protocols. The tool uses stabilizer formalism and is capable of representing concurrent quantum protocol, thus is more…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-12-23 Ebrahim Ardeshir-Larijani , Simon J. Gay , Rajagopal Nagarajan

We present an experimental procedure to determine the usefulness of a measurement scheme for quantum error correction (QEC). A QEC scheme typically requires the ability to prepare entangled states, to carry out multi-qubit measurements, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-04 Gabrielle Denhez , Alexandre Blais , David Poulin

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) sit between noisy quantum hardware and reliable computation, so the code parameters used in practice must be trustworthy. The single number that summarizes a code's strength is its distance, yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Mattias Ehatamm , Yi Lee , Xiaodi Wu , Runzhou Tao

We introduce a model-checking tool intended specially for the analysis of quantum information protocols. The tool incorporates an efficient representation of a certain class of quantum circuits, namely those expressible in the so-called…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-04-21 Simon Gay , Rajagopal Nagarajan , Nikolaos Papanikolaou

As quantum algorithms and hardware continue to evolve, ensuring the correctness of the quantum software stack (QSS) has become increasingly important. However, testing QSSes remains challenging due to the oracle problem, i.e., the lack of a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Junjie Luo , Shangzhou Xia , Fuyuan Zhang , Jianjun Zhao

We propose a symbolic execution method for programs that can draw random samples. In contrast to existing work, our method can verify randomized programs with unknown inputs and can prove probabilistic properties that universally quantify…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Zachary Susag , Sumit Lahiri , Justin Hsu , Subhajit Roy

Quantum simulation of molecular electronic structure is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. However, achieving chemically accurate predictions for strongly correlated systems requires quantum phase estimation (QPE)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Shota Kanasugi , Riki Toshio , Kazunori Maruyama , Hirotaka Oshima