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Simulation systems have become an essential component in the development and validation of autonomous driving technologies. The prevailing state-of-the-art approach for simulation is to use game engines or high-fidelity computer graphics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Wei Li , Chengwei Pan , Rong Zhang , Jiaping Ren , Yuexin Ma , Jin Fang , Feilong Yan , Qichuan Geng , Xinyu Huang , Huajun Gong , Weiwei Xu , Guoping Wang , Dinesh Manocha , Ruigang Yang

While modern Autonomous Vehicle (AV) systems can develop reliable driving policies under regular traffic conditions, they frequently struggle with safety-critical traffic scenarios. This difficulty primarily arises from the rarity of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Guanren Qiao , Guorui Quan , Jiawei Yu , Shujun Jia , Guiliang Liu

Simulation of autonomous vehicle systems requires that simulated traffic participants exhibit diverse and realistic behaviors. The use of prerecorded real-world traffic scenarios in simulation ensures realism but the rarity of safety…

Reliable autonomous driving relies on large-scale, well-labeled data and robust models. However, manual data collection is resource-intensive, and traditional simulation suffers from a persistent reality gap. While recent generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaicong Huang , Talha Azfar , Weisong Shi , Ruimin Ke

End-to-end approaches to autonomous driving have high sample complexity and are difficult to scale to realistic urban driving. Simulation can help end-to-end driving systems by providing a cheap, safe, and diverse training environment. Yet…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Matthias Müller , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Bernard Ghanem , Vladlen Koltun

Driving simulation plays a crucial role in developing reliable driving agents by providing controlled, evaluative environments. To enable meaningful assessments, a high-quality driving simulator must satisfy several key requirements:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Junzhe Jiang , Nan Song , Jingyu Li , Xiatian Zhu , Li Zhang

Autonomous driving has been the subject of increased interest in recent years both in industry and in academia. Serious efforts are being pursued to address legal, technical and logistical problems and make autonomous cars a viable option…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Nan Li , Dave Oyler , Mengxuan Zhang , Yildiray Yildiz , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard

Building simulation environments for developing and testing autonomous vehicles necessitates that the simulators accurately model the statistical realism of the real-world environment, including the interaction with other vehicles driven by…

Human-level autonomous driving is an ever-elusive goal, with planning and decision making -- the cognitive functions that determine driving behavior -- posing the greatest challenge. Despite a proliferation of promising approaches, progress…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Marc Heim , Francisco Suarez-Ruiz , Ishraq Bhuiyan , Bruno Brito , Momchil S. Tomov

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Simulation is a crucial step in ensuring accurate, efficient, and realistic Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) testing and validation. As the adoption of CAV accelerates, the integration of real-world data into simulation environments…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Junwei You , Pei Li , Yang Cheng , Keshu Wu , Rui Gan , Steven T. Parker , Bin Ran

According to data from the United Nations, more than 3000 people have died each day in the world due to road traffic collision. Considering recent researches, the human error may be considered as the main responsible for these fatalities.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Andrés E. Gómez , Tiago C. dos Santos , Carlos M. Massera , Arthur de M. Neto , Denis F. Wolf

Modular automated driving systems commonly handle prediction and planning as sequential, separate tasks, thereby prohibiting cooperative maneuvers. To enable cooperative planning, this work introduces a prediction model that models the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Fabian Konstantinidis , Moritz Sackmann , Ulrich Hofmann , Christoph Stiller

The validation of autonomous driving systems benefits greatly from the ability to generate scenarios that are both realistic and precisely controllable. Conventional approaches, such as real-world test drives, are not only expensive but…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yizhuo Xiao , Mustafa Suphi Erden , Cheng Wang

Simulation has the potential to transform the development of robust algorithms for mobile agents deployed in safety-critical scenarios. However, the poor photorealism and lack of diverse sensor modalities of existing simulation engines…

Over the recent years, there has been an explosion of studies on autonomous vehicles. Many collected large amount of data from human drivers. However, compared to the tedious data collection approach, building a virtual simulation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-21 Zhijing Jin , Tristan Swedish , Ramesh Raskar

Developing safety and efficiency applications for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) require a great deal of testing and evaluation. The need for the operation of these systems in critical and dangerous situations makes the burden of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Ahura Jami , Mahdi Razzaghpour , Hussein Alnuweiri , Yaser P. Fallah

The decision and planning system for autonomous driving in urban environments is hard to design. Most current methods manually design the driving policy, which can be expensive to develop and maintain at scale. Instead, with imitation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Jianyu Chen , Bodi Yuan , Masayoshi Tomizuka

This work presents a modular, Python-based simulator that simplifies the evaluation of novel vehicle control and coordination algorithms in complex traffic scenarios while keeping the implementation overhead low. It allows researchers to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Kevin Jamsahar , Adrian Wiltz , Maria Charitidou , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

Robust control policy learning for autonomous driving requires training environments to be both physically realistic and computationally scalable, properties that existing simulators provide only in isolation. We introduce Sim2Sim2Sim, a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xunjiang Gu , Kashyap Chitta , Mahsa Golchoubian , Vladimir Suplin , Igor Gilitschenski