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We consider the well-studied problem of learning a linear combination of $k$ ReLU activations with respect to a Gaussian distribution on inputs in $d$ dimensions. We give the first polynomial-time algorithm that succeeds whenever $k$ is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Sitan Chen , Zehao Dou , Surbhi Goel , Adam R Klivans , Raghu Meka

The slow convergence rate and pathological curvature issues of first-order gradient methods for training deep neural networks, initiated an ongoing effort for developing faster $\mathit{second}$-$\mathit{order}$ optimization algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Jan van den Brand , Binghui Peng , Zhao Song , Omri Weinstein

Theoretical analyses of Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) are standardly framed within the Real-RAM model of computation. In this setting, training even simple neural networks is known to be $\exists \mathbb{R}$-complete -- a complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Ilan Doron-Arad , Elchanan Mossel

We design a ReLU-based multilayer neural network by mapping the feature vectors to a higher dimensional space in every layer. We design the weight matrices in every layer to ensure a reduction of the training cost as the number of layers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Alireza M. Javid , Arun Venkitaraman , Mikael Skoglund , Saikat Chatterjee

Even though neural networks are being increasingly deployed in safety-critical control applications, it remains difficult to enforce constraints on their output, meaning that it is hard to guarantee safety in such settings. While many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Long Kiu Chung , Shreyas Kousik

Neural networks have recently become popular for a wide variety of uses, but have seen limited application in safety-critical domains such as robotics near and around humans. This is because it remains an open challenge to train a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Long Kiu Chung , Adam Dai , Derek Knowles , Shreyas Kousik , Grace X. Gao

There has been a large amount of interest, both in the past and particularly recently, into the power of different families of universal approximators, e.g. ReLU networks, polynomials, rational functions. However, current research has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Frederic Koehler , Andrej Risteski

Neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions, such as rectified linear units (ReLU) or maxout, are among the most fundamental models in modern machine learning. We make a step towards proving lower bounds on the size of such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Christoph Hertrich , Georg Loho

The success of deep neural networks is in part due to the use of normalization layers. Normalization layers like Batch Normalization, Layer Normalization and Weight Normalization are ubiquitous in practice, as they improve generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Yonatan Dukler , Quanquan Gu , Guido Montúfar

We study regularized deep neural networks (DNNs) and introduce a convex analytic framework to characterize the structure of the hidden layers. We show that a set of optimal hidden layer weights for a norm regularized DNN training problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci

We consider the problem of finding weights and biases for a two-layer fully connected neural network to fit a given set of data points as well as possible, also known as EmpiricalRiskMinimization. Our main result is that the associated…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Daniel Bertschinger , Christoph Hertrich , Paul Jungeblut , Tillmann Miltzow , Simon Weber

This paper establishes the (nearly) optimal approximation error characterization of deep rectified linear unit (ReLU) networks for smooth functions in terms of both width and depth simultaneously. To that end, we first prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Jianfeng Lu , Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

Neural networks with ReLU activations are a widely used model in machine learning. It is thus important to have a profound understanding of the properties of the functions computed by such networks. Recently, there has been increasing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vincent Froese , Moritz Grillo , Christoph Hertrich , Moritz Stargalla

This paper studies the expressive power of artificial neural networks with rectified linear units. In order to study them as a model of real-valued computation, we introduce the concept of Max-Affine Arithmetic Programs and show equivalence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Leon Sering

We provide a theoretical algorithm for checking local optimality and escaping saddles at nondifferentiable points of empirical risks of two-layer ReLU networks. Our algorithm receives any parameter value and returns: local minimum,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-05-30 Chulhee Yun , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

We study the problem of estimating an unknown function from noisy data using shallow ReLU neural networks. The estimators we study minimize the sum of squared data-fitting errors plus a regularization term proportional to the squared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-24 Rahul Parhi , Robert D. Nowak

This study explores the number of neurons required for a Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) neural network to approximate multivariate monomials. We establish an exponential lower bound on the complexity of any shallow network approximating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Itai Shapira

Deep neural networks with rectified linear units (ReLU) are getting more and more popular due to their universal representation power and successful applications. Some theoretical progress regarding the approximation power of deep ReLU…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-28 Bo Li , Shanshan Tang , Haijun Yu

We consider the problem of computing the best-fitting ReLU with respect to square-loss on a training set when the examples have been drawn according to a spherical Gaussian distribution (the labels can be arbitrary). Let $\mathsf{opt} < 1$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Surbhi Goel , Sushrut Karmalkar , Adam Klivans

Recently, theoretical analyses of deep neural networks have broadly focused on two directions: 1) Providing insight into neural network training by SGD in the limit of infinite hidden-layer width and infinitesimally small learning rate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Rajat Vadiraj Dwaraknath , Tolga Ergen , Mert Pilanci