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Quantum error correction is the art of protecting fragile quantum information through suitable encoding and active interventions. After encoding $k$ logical qubits into $n>k$ physical qubits using a stabilizer code, this amounts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Eric J. Kuehnke , Kyano Levi , Joschka Roffe , Jens Eisert , Daniel Miller

Using error correcting codes and fault tolerant techniques, it is possible, at least in theory, to produce logical qubits with significantly lower error rates than the underlying physical qubits. Suppose, however, that the gates that act on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-06 M. B. Hastings

Multi-controlled Toffoli gates are fundamental building blocks in quantum computation, with applications in quantum arithmetic, simulation, and search algorithms. In fault-tolerant architectures, their realization is constrained by the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Majd Assaad , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler

Quantum state preparation is a crucial process within numerous quantum algorithms, and the need for efficient initialization of quantum registers is ever increasing as demand for useful quantum computing grows. The problem arises as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Andrew Wright , Marco Lewis , Paolo Zuliani , Sadegh Soudjani

A number of exciting recent results have been seen in the field of quantum error correction. These include initial demonstrations of error correction on current quantum hardware, and resource estimates which improve understanding of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-27 Nick S. Blunt , György P. Gehér , Alexandra E. Moylett

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes can encode many logical qubits within a single code block at low physical qubit overhead, yet magic state injection into such codes remains largely underexplored. Existing state injection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Kun Liu , Shifan Xu , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Zhiyang He , Shraddha Singh , Yongshan Ding

Magic states are essential for universal quantum computation and are widely viewed as a key source of quantum advantage, yet in realistic devices they are inevitably noisy. In this work, we characterize how noise on injected magic resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jiwon Heo , Sojeong Park , Changhun Oh

We present new optimal and heuristic algorithms for exact synthesis of multi-qubit unitaries and isometries. For example, our algorithms find Clifford and T circuits for unitaries with entries in $\mathbb{Z}[i,1/\sqrt{2}]$. The optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-30 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Sebastian Schönnenbeck

In order to achieve error rates necessary for advantageous quantum algorithms, Quantum Error Correction (QEC) will need to be employed, improving logical qubit fidelity beyond what can be achieved physically. As today's devices begin to…

Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

To run large-scale algorithms on a quantum computer, error-correcting codes must be able to perform a fundamental set of operations, called logic gates, while isolating the encoded information from…

In this paper we study the potential of using reinforcement learning (RL) in order to synthesize quantum circuits, while optimizing the T-count and CS-count, of unitaries that are exactly implementable by the Clifford+T and Clifford+CS gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 David Kremer , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Priyanka Mukhopadhyay

Random quantum circuits continue to inspire a wide range of applications in quantum information science and many-body quantum physics, while remaining analytically tractable through probabilistic methods. Motivated by an interest in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-02 Grace M. Sommers , David A. Huse , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum error correction (QEC) plays a crucial role in correcting noise and paving the way for fault-tolerant quantum computing. This field has seen significant advancements, with new quantum error correction codes emerging regularly to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Avimita Chatterjee , Subrata Das , Swaroop Ghosh

A quantum circuit may be strongly classically simulated with the aid of ZX-calculus by decomposing its $t$ T-gates into a sum of $2^{\alpha t}$ classically computable stabiliser terms. In this paper, we introduce a general procedure to find…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Matthew Sutcliffe , Aleks Kissinger

We analyse a model for fault-tolerant quantum computation with low overhead suitable for situations where the noise is biased. The basis for this scheme is a gadget for the fault-tolerant preparation of magic states that enable universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Paul Webster , Stephen D. Bartlett , David Poulin

Quantum Entanglement is a fundamentally important resource in Quantum Information Science; however, generating it in practice is plagued by noise and decoherence, limiting its utility. Entanglement distillation and forward error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-14 Vaishnavi L. Addala , Shu Ge , Stefan Krastanov

We present an algorithm for computing depth-optimal decompositions of logical operations, leveraging a meet-in-the-middle technique to provide a significant speed-up over simple brute force algorithms. As an illustration of our method we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-28 Matthew Amy , Dmitri Maslov , Michele Mosca , Martin Roetteler

Recently it has been shown that Repeat-Until-Success (RUS) circuits can approximate a given single-qubit unitary with an expected number of $T$ gates of about $1/3$ of what is required by optimal, deterministic, ancilla-free decompositions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Alex Bocharov , Martin Roetteler , Krysta M. Svore

Optimizing the size and depth of CNOT circuits is an active area of research in quantum computing and is particularly relevant for circuits synthesized from the Clifford + T universal gate set. Although many techniques exist for finding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Alan Bu , Evan Fan , Robert Sanghyeon Joo