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Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols ensure agreement on transaction ordering despite malicious actors, but unconstrained ordering power enables sophisticated value extraction attacks like front running and sandwich attacks -…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Pengkun Ren , Hai Dong , Nasrin Sohrabi , Zahir Tari , Pengcheng Zhang

We examine blockchain technologies, especially smart contracts, as a platform for decentralized applications. By providing a basis for consensus, blockchain promises to upend business models that presuppose a central authority. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Munindar P. Singh , Amit K. Chopra

Decentralized Ledger Technology, popularized by the Bitcoin network, aims to keep track of a ledger of valid transactions between agents of a virtual economy without a central institution for coordination. In order to keep track of a…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-07-04 Michael Zargham , Zixuan Zhang , Victor Preciado

A blockchain is a database of sequential events that is maintained by a distributed group of nodes. A key consensus problem in blockchains is that of determining the next block (data element) in the sequence. Many blockchains address this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Giulia Fanti , Jiantao Jiao , Ashok Makkuva , Sewoong Oh , Ranvir Rana , Pramod Viswanath

Smart contracts, the cornerstone of blockchain technology, enable secure, automated distributed execution. Given their role in handling large transaction volumes across clients, miners, and validators, exploring concurrency is critical.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Atefeh Zareh Chahoki , Maurice Herlihy , Marco Roveri

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Jianwen Chen , Kai Duan , Rumin Zhang , Liaoyuan Zeng , Wenyi Wang

Federated learning systems that jointly preserve Byzantine robustness and privacy have remained an open problem. Robust aggregation, the standard defense for Byzantine attacks, generally requires server access to individual updates or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Raj Kiriti Velicheti , Derek Xia , Oluwasanmi Koyejo

Storage scalability is paramount in the era of big data blockchain. A storage-scalable blockchain can effectively scale out state storage to an arbitrary number of nodes and reduce the storage pressure on each, similar to distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Guangda Sun , Jialin Li

Blockchain and blockchain-inspired decentralized applications are on the rise thanks to their unique characteristics such as their decentralized nature, anonymity, and tamper-proof nature; however, blockchain transactions tend to experience…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yi Lyu

Blockchains are distributed data structures that are used to achieve consensus in systems for cryptocurrencies (like Bitcoin) or smart contracts (like Ethereum). Although blockchains gained a lot of popularity recently, there is no…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-07 Kai Brünnler , Dandolo Flumini , Thomas Studer

Due to their interesting features, blockchains have become popular in recent years. They are full-stack systems where security is a critical factor for their success. The main focus of this work is to systematize knowledge about security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Ivan Homoliak , Sarad Venugopalan , Qingze Hum , Pawel Szalachowski

Achieving agreement among distributed parties is a fundamental task in modern systems, underpinning applications such as consensus in blockchains, coordination in cloud infrastructure, and fault tolerance in critical services. However, this…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Andrei Constantinescu , Marc Dufay , Anton Paramonov , Roger Wattenhofer

This survey presents a comprehensive study of recent advances in block-chain technologies, focusing on how issues that affecting the enterprise adoption were progressively addressed from the original Bitcoin system to Ethereum, to Solana…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Xiangyu Li , Xinyu Wang , Tingli Kong , Junhao Zheng , Min Luo

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative paradigm for decentralized and secure data management across diverse application domains, including healthcare, supply chain management, and the Internet of Things. Its core features,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Hojer Key

Byzantine fault-tolerant agreement (BFT) in a partially synchronous system usually requires 3f + 1 nodes to tolerate f faulty replicas. Due to their high throughput and finality property BFT algorithms build the core of recent permissioned…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Ines Messadi , Markus Horst Becker , Kai Bleeke , Leander Jehl , Sonia Ben Mokhtar , Rüdiger Kapitza

A blockchain replaces central counterparties with time-consuming consensus protocols to record the transfer of ownership. This settlement latency slows cross-exchange trading, exposing arbitrageurs to price risk. Off-chain settlement,…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-20 Nikolaus Hautsch , Christoph Scheuch , Stefan Voigt

Blockchains are modern distributed systems that provide decentralized financial capabilities with trustable guarantees. Smart contracts are programs written in specialized programming languages running on a blockchain and govern how tokens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Margarita Capretto , Martin Ceresa , Cesar Sanchez

Motivated by proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains such as Ethereum, two key desiderata have recently been studied for Byzantine-fault tolerant (BFT) state-machine replication (SMR) consensus protocols: Finality means that the protocol retains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Joachim Neu , Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse

Since the creation of Bitcoin 15 years ago, there has been an explosion in the number of permissionless blockchains. Each of these blockchains provides an open ledger that anyone can read from and write to. In this multi-chain world, an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Ertem Nusret Tas , David Tse , Yifei Wang

Modern distributed data management systems face a new challenge: how can autonomous, mutually-distrusting parties cooperate safely and effectively? Addressing this challenge brings up questions familiar from classical distributed systems:…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-16 Maurice Herlihy , Barbara Liskov , Liuba Shrira