Related papers: Counting Sets with Surnatural Numbers

Based on continued fractions with subtractions, we identify the set of real numbers with the set of infinite integer sequences with all terms but the first one greater or equal to two. Each such sequence produces in a canonical way a unique…

We present a coherent collection of finite mathematical theorems some of which can only be proved by going well beyond the usual axioms for mathematics. The proofs of these theorems illustrate in clear terms how one uses the well studied…

The paper considers the problem of finding the largest possible set P(n), a subset of the set N of the natural numbers, with the property that a number is in P(n) if and only if it is a sum of n distinct naturals all in P(n) or none in…

This report presents an expression for the number of a multiset's sub-multisets of a given cardinality as a function of the multiplicity of its elements. This is also the number of distinct samples of a given size that may be produced by…

Metaphysical interpretations of set theory are either inconsistent or incoherent. The uses of sets in mathematics actually involve three distinct kinds of collections (surveyable, definite, and heuristic), which are governed by three…

We define a multiplication on the surreal numbers as higher inductive-inductive types.

We develop new aspects of the the of numerosity theory; more exactly, we emphasize its relation with the ordinal numbers, cardinal numbers, hyperreal numbers and surreal numbers. In particular, we combine the notion of numerosity with the…

A natural connection between rational functions of several real or complex variables, and subspace collections is explored. A new class of function, superfunctions, are introduced which are the counterpart to functions at the level of…

Let No be Conway's class of surreal numbers. I will make explicit the notion of a function f on No recursively defined over some family of functions. Under some "tameness" and uniformity condition, f must satisfy some interesting…

We present the concept of the \emph{information efficiency of functions} as a technique to understand the interaction between information and computation. Based on these results we identify a new class of objects that we call…

Let surreal numbers be defined by means of sign sequences. We give a proof that if $S < T$ are sets of surreals, then there is some surreal $w$ such that $S < w < T$. The classical proof is simplified by observing that, for every set $S$ of…

This article explores the model-dependent nature of set cardinality, emphasizing that cardinality is not absolute but varies across different axiomatic frameworks. Although Cantor's diagonal argument shows the real numbers are…

For a given irrational number, we consider the properties of best rational approximations of given parities. There are three different kinds of rational numbers according to the parity of the numerator and denominator, say odd/odd, even/odd…

We discuss how to write down three specific natural numbers $A$, $B$, $C$ such that for any real number $r$ you've probably ever thought of, it is consistent with $\mathsf{ZFC}$ set theory that $$\def\Rb{\mathbb{R}}\def\Nb{\mathbb{N}}r =…

Let $\mathbf{x}$ be a (non-empty) sequence of positive real numbers. Its achievement set $\mathcal{\mathbf{x}}$ is the set of all the possible sums of the elements of $\mathbf{x}$. The cardinal function of $\mathbf{x}$ is the function…

Among three natural numbers there is always one which is larger than or equal to the Nim sum of the remaining two numbers. This amazing fact has many applications.

We present a novel framework for measuring the size of discrete subsets of using surreal-valued numerosity, which strictly satisfies Euclid's principle that "the whole is greater than a part". By mapping numerosities to surreal numbers via…

Conway's real closed field $\mathbf{No}$ of surreal numbers is a sweeping generalization of the real numbers and the ordinals to which a number of elementary functions such as log and exponentiation have been shown to extend. The problems…

Cantor's famous proof of the non-denumerability of real numbers does apply to any infinite set. The set of exclusively all natural numbers does not exist. This shows that the concept of countability is not well defined. There remains no…

Natural numbers from 0 to 11111 are written in terms of 1 to 9 in two different ways. The first one in increasing order of 1 to 9, and the second one in decreasing order. This is done by using the operations of addition, multiplication,…