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To thoroughly assess the mathematical reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), we need to carefully curate evaluation datasets covering diverse mathematical concepts and mathematical problems at different difficulty levels. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Yan Liu , Renren Jin , Ling Shi , Zheng Yao , Deyi Xiong

We investigate the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs), including reasoning-based and non-reasoning models, in performing zero-shot financial sentiment analysis. Using the Financial PhraseBank dataset annotated by domain experts,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Dimitris Vamvourellis , Dhagash Mehta

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in solving mathematical problems, with code-based solutions proving particularly effective. However, the best practice to leverage coding instruction data to enhance mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Chengwei Wei , Bin Wang , Jung-jae Kim , Guimei Liu , Nancy F. Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise for financial applications, yet their suitability for this high-stakes domain remains largely unproven due to inadequacies in existing benchmarks. Existing benchmarks solely rely on…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ziyan Kuang , Feiyu Zhu , Maowei Jiang , Yanzhao Lai , Zelin Wang , Zhitong Wang , Meikang Qiu , Jiajia Huang , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie , Sophia Ananiadou

The performance of large language models (LLMs) on existing reasoning benchmarks has significantly improved over the past years. In response, we present JEEBench, a considerably more challenging benchmark dataset for evaluating the problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Daman Arora , Himanshu Gaurav Singh , Mausam

Large Language Models (LLMs), consisting of 100 billion or more parameters, have demonstrated remarkable ability in complex multi-step reasoning tasks. However, the application of such generic advancements has been limited to a few fields,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Guijin Son , Hanearl Jung , Moonjeong Hahm , Keonju Na , Sol Jin

We introduce FinMMDocR, a novel bilingual multimodal benchmark for evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on real-world financial numerical reasoning. Compared to existing benchmarks, our work delivers three major advancements.…

Formal mathematical reasoning remains a critical challenge for artificial intelligence, hindered by limitations of existing benchmarks in scope and scale. To address this, we present FormalMATH, a large-scale Lean4 benchmark comprising…

While LLMs excel at general tasks, they struggle in specialized domains like finance, requiring diverse skills in domain knowledge, mathematical reasoning, and multilingual processing. Merging domain-specific Continual Pre-training (CPT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Kentaro Ueda , François Portet , Hirohiko Suwa , Keiichi Yasumoto

Question answering (QA) plays a central role in financial education, yet existing large language model (LLM) approaches often fail to capture the nuanced and specialized reasoning required for financial problem-solving. The financial domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Andy Zhu , Yingjun Du

This paper introduces ConceptMath, a bilingual (English and Chinese), fine-grained benchmark that evaluates concept-wise mathematical reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike traditional benchmarks that evaluate general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yanan Wu , Jie Liu , Xingyuan Bu , Jiaheng Liu , Zhanhui Zhou , Yuanxing Zhang , Chenchen Zhang , Zhiqi Bai , Haibin Chen , Tiezheng Ge , Wanli Ouyang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit impressive problem-solving abilities in various domains, but their visual comprehension and abstract reasoning skills remain under-evaluated. To this end, we present PolyMATH, a challenging…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Himanshu Gupta , Shreyas Verma , Ujjwala Anantheswaran , Kevin Scaria , Mihir Parmar , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate significant potential but face challenges in complex financial reasoning tasks requiring both domain knowledge and sophisticated reasoning. Current evaluation benchmarks often fall short by not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Shaoyu Dou , Yutian Shen , Mofan Chen , Zixuan Wang , Jiajie Xu , Qi Guo , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu , Haibo Shi , Min Min , Liwen Zhang

To advance the evaluation of multimodal math reasoning in large multimodal models (LMMs), this paper introduces a novel benchmark, MM-MATH. MM-MATH consists of 5,929 open-ended middle school math problems with visual contexts, with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Kai Sun , Yushi Bai , Ji Qi , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Large Multimodal Models have achieved remarkable progress in integrating vision and language, enabling strong performance across perception, reasoning, and domain-specific tasks. However, their capacity to reason over multiple, visually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Can Li , Ying Liu , Ting Zhang , Mei Wang , Hua Huang

LLMs have transformed NLP and shown promise in various fields, yet their potential in finance is underexplored due to a lack of comprehensive evaluation benchmarks, the rapid development of LLMs, and the complexity of financial tasks. In…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have experienced rapid development in recent years. However, in the financial domain, there is a notable lack of effective and specialized multimodal evaluation datasets. To advance the development…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junyu Luo , Zhizhuo Kou , Liming Yang , Xiao Luo , Jinsheng Huang , Zhiping Xiao , Jingshu Peng , Chengzhong Liu , Jiaming Ji , Xuanzhe Liu , Sirui Han , Ming Zhang , Yike Guo

Artificial intelligence is making significant strides in the finance industry, revolutionizing how data is processed and interpreted. Among these technologies, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated substantial potential to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Cehao Yang , Chengjin Xu , Yiyan Qi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in natural language processing tasks by leveraging chain of thought (CoT) that enables step-by-step thinking. Extending LLMs with multimodal capabilities is the recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Debjyoti Mondal , Suraj Modi , Subhadarshi Panda , Rituraj Singh , Godawari Sudhakar Rao

This study introduces a benchmark framework for evaluating the financial decision-making capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through portfolio optimization problems with mathematically explicit solutions. Unlike existing financial…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-28 Hanyong Cho , Jang Ho Kim