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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive language understanding and generation capabilities, enabling them to answer a wide range of questions across various domains. However, these models are not flawless and often produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Lang Cao

While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across diverse user queries, they still suffer from hallucinations, often arising from knowledge misalignment between pre-training and fine-tuning. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Joosung Lee , Hwiyeol Jo , Donghyeon Ko , Kyubyung Chae , Cheonbok Park , Jeonghoon Kim

Instruction tuning -- supervised fine-tuning using instruction-response pairs -- is a key step in making pre-trained large language models (LLMs) instructable. Meanwhile, LLMs perform multitask learning during their pre-training, acquiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Seokhyun An , Minji Kim , Hyounghun Kim

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities but face challenges from hallucinations, which typically arise from insufficient knowledge or context. While instructing LLMs to acknowledge knowledge limitations by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jiaqi Li , Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

Despite the remarkable abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) to answer questions, they often display a considerable level of overconfidence even when the question does not have a definitive answer. To avoid providing hallucinated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yang Deng , Yong Zhao , Moxin Li , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua

Existing large language models (LLMs) occasionally generate plausible yet factually incorrect responses, known as hallucinations. Two main approaches have been proposed to mitigate hallucinations: retrieval-augmented language models (RALMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Youchao Zhou , Heyan Huang , Yicheng Liu , Rui Dai , Xinglin Wang , Xingchen Zhang , Shumin Shi , Yang Deng

Large Language Models (LLMs) should refuse to answer questions beyond their knowledge. This capability, which we term knowledge-aware refusal, is crucial for factual reliability, while existing metrics fail to capture this ability. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wenbo Pan , Jie Xu , Qiguang Chen , Junhao Dong , Libo Qin , Xinfeng Li , Haining Yu , Xiaohua Jia

Refusal-Aware Instruction Tuning (RAIT) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to refuse to answer unknown questions. By modifying responses of unknown questions in the training data to refusal responses such as "I don't know", RAIT enhances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Runchuan Zhu , Zhipeng Ma , Jiang Wu , Junyuan Gao , Jiaqi Wang , Dahua Lin , Conghui He

In recent years, large-scale language models (LLMs) have gained attention for their impressive text generation capabilities. However, these models often face the challenge of "hallucination," which undermines their reliability. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuchen Yang , Houqiang Li , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable multimodal performance yet remain prone to factual hallucinations, particularly in long-tail or specialized domains. Moreover, current models exhibit a weak capacity to refuse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Junru Song , Yimeng Hu , Yijing Chen , Huining Li , Qian Li , Lizhen Cui , Yuntao Du

Despite their success at many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, large language models still struggle to effectively leverage knowledge for knowledge-intensive tasks, manifesting limitations such as generating incomplete, non-factual,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yougang Lyu , Lingyong Yan , Shuaiqiang Wang , Haibo Shi , Dawei Yin , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate erroneous outputs, known as hallucinations, due to their limitations in discerning questions beyond their knowledge scope. While addressing hallucination has been a focal point in research,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Hongshen Xu , Zichen Zhu , Situo Zhang , Da Ma , Shuai Fan , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing with their impressive reasoning and question-answering capabilities. However, these models are sometimes prone to generating credible-sounding but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ranganath Krishnan , Piyush Khanna , Omesh Tickoo

Instruction-tuning enhances the ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions more accurately, improving usability while reducing harmful outputs. However, this process may increase the model's dependence on user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Kyubeen Han , Junseo Jang , Hongjin Kim , Geunyeong Jeong , Harksoo Kim

This paper investigates the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the context of understanding their knowledge and uncertainty over questions. Specifically, we focus on addressing known-unknown questions, characterized by high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Alfonso Amayuelas , Kyle Wong , Liangming Pan , Wenhu Chen , William Wang

During the pretraining phase, large language models (LLMs) acquire vast amounts of knowledge from extensive text corpora. Nevertheless, in later stages such as fine-tuning and inference, the model may encounter knowledge not covered in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Bozhou Li , Hao Liang , Yang Li , Fangcheng Fu , Hongzhi Yin , Conghui He , Wentao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have a wealth of knowledge that allows them to excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Current research focuses on enhancing their performance within their existing knowledge. Despite their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zhangyue Yin , Qiushi Sun , Qipeng Guo , Jiawen Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Reliable Large Language Models (LLMs) should abstain when confidence is insufficient. However, prior studies often treat refusal as a generic "I don't know'', failing to distinguish input-level ambiguity (data uncertainty) from capability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jingyi Ren , Ante Wang , Yunghwei Lai , Xiaolong Wang , Linlu Gong , Weitao Li , Weizhi Ma , Yang Liu

When large language models are aligned via supervised fine-tuning, they may encounter new factual information that was not acquired through pre-training. It is often conjectured that this can teach the model the behavior of hallucinating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Zorik Gekhman , Gal Yona , Roee Aharoni , Matan Eyal , Amir Feder , Roi Reichart , Jonathan Herzig

We develop a principled procedure for determining when a large language model (LLM) should abstain from responding (e.g., by saying "I don't know") in a general domain, instead of resorting to possibly "hallucinating" a non-sensical or…

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