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Predicting properties of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential for developing quantum technologies. We present an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng , John Preskill

Efficiently learning expectation values of unknown quantum states via classical shadows has become an important primitive in both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum computation. Typically, classical shadow protocols involve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Rebecca Chang , Maureen Krumtünger , Martin Larocca , Maxwell West

Classical shadow tomography has emerged as a powerful framework for predicting properties of quantum many-body systems with favorable sample complexity. Standard theoretical guarantees, however, rely on the assumption that experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Leonardo Zambrano

Classical shadows (CS) has recently emerged as an important framework to efficiently predict properties of an unknown quantum state. A common strategy in CS protocols is to parametrize the basis in which one measures the state by a random…

The classical shadows protocol, recently introduced by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)], is a quantum-classical protocol to estimate properties of an unknown quantum state. Unlike full quantum state tomography, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-17 Dax Enshan Koh , Sabee Grewal

Classical Shadow Tomography (Huang, Kueng and Preskill, Nature Physics 2020) is a method for creating a classical snapshot of an unknown quantum state, which can later be used to predict the value of an a-priori unknown observable on that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Zvika Brakerski , Nir Magrafta , Tomer Solomon

Shadow tomography protocols have recently emerged as powerful tools for efficient quantum state learning, aiming to reconstruct expectation values of observables with fewer resources than traditional quantum state tomography. For the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Viet T. Tran , Richard Kueng

We give the first tight sample complexity bounds for shadow tomography and classical shadows in the regime where the target error is below some sufficiently small inverse polynomial in the dimension of the Hilbert space. Formally we give a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Sitan Chen , Jerry Li , Allen Liu

Shadow tomography is a scalable technique to characterise the quantum state of a quantum computer or quantum simulator. The protocol is based on the transformation of the outcomes of random measurements into the so-called classical shadows,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-27 Hai-Chau Nguyen

We provide a new perspective on shadow tomography by demonstrating its deep connections with the general theory of measurement frames. By showing that the formalism of measurement frames offers a natural framework for shadow tomography --…

Classical shadow tomography is a sample-efficient technique for characterizing quantum systems and predicting many of their properties. Circuit cutting is a technique for dividing large quantum circuits into smaller fragments that can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Daniel T. Chen , Zain H. Saleem , Michael A. Perlin

Interfacing quantum and classical processors is an important subroutine in full-stack quantum algorithms. The so-called "classical shadow" method efficiently extracts essential classical information from quantum states, enabling the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Shuowei Ma , Junyu Liu

Recently introduced shadow tomography protocols use classical shadows of quantum states to predict many target functions of an unknown quantum state. Unlike full quantum state tomography, shadow tomography does not insist on accurate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-27 Atithi Acharya , Siddhartha Saha , Anirvan M. Sengupta

We introduce a technique to estimate error-mitigated expectation values on noisy quantum computers. Our technique performs shadow tomography on a logical state to produce a memory-efficient classical reconstruction of the noisy density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 Hong-Ye Hu , Ryan LaRose , Yi-Zhuang You , Eleanor Rieffel , Zhihui Wang

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental task in quantum information science, enabling detailed characterization of correlations, entanglement, and electronic structure in quantum systems. However, its exponential measurement and…

The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

In recent years there has been significant interest in understanding the statistical complexity of learning from quantum data under the constraint that one can only make unentangled measurements. While a key challenge in establishing tight…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Sitan Chen , Weiyuan Gong , Zhihan Zhang

We propose a tomographic protocol for estimating any $ k $-body reduced density matrix ($ k $-RDM) of an $ n $-mode fermionic state, a ubiquitous step in near-term quantum algorithms for simulating many-body physics, chemistry, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-04 Andrew Zhao , Nicholas C. Rubin , Akimasa Miyake

Dynamical correlation functions are essential for characterizing the response of the quantum many-body systems to the external perturbation. As their calculation is classically intractible in general, quantum algorithms are promising in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Taehee Ko , Mancheon Han , Hyowon Park , Sangkook Choi

Spurious couplings and decoherence degrade the performance of solid-state quantum processors, demanding careful design, calibration, and mitigation protocols. These strategies often rely on characterization of the idling processor, but…