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Large Language Model (LLM) interactions are typically underspecified, with users clarifying all necessary details across multiple conversational turns. Yet recent work shows that LLMs perform far worse in this multi-turn setting than in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Tianlang Chen , Shirley Wu , Jure Leskovec

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable performance improvement through in-context learning (ICL) by leveraging task-specific examples in the input. However, the mechanisms behind this improvement remain elusive. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Safoora Yousefi , Leo Betthauser , Hosein Hasanbeig , Raphaël Millière , Ida Momennejad

Large Language Models (LLMs) are constrained by their inability to process lengthy inputs, resulting in the loss of critical historical information. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose the Self-Controlled Memory (SCM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Bing Wang , Xinnian Liang , Jian Yang , Hui Huang , Shuangzhi Wu , Peihao Wu , Lu Lu , Zejun Ma , Zhoujun Li

We investigate the challenge of applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to long texts. We propose a theoretical framework that distinguishes the failure modes of long context tasks into three categories: cross-chunk dependence (task noise),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhen Xu , Shang Zhu , Jue Wang , Junlin Wang , Ben Athiwaratkun , Chi Wang , James Zou , Ce Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have acquired ubiquitous attention for their performances across diverse domains. Our study here searches through LLMs' cognitive abilities and confidence dynamics. We dive deep into understanding the alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Aniket Kumar Singh , Suman Devkota , Bishal Lamichhane , Uttam Dhakal , Chandra Dhakal

Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to transform medicine, but real-world clinical scenarios contain extraneous information that can hinder performance. The rise of assistive technologies like ambient dictation, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Krithik Vishwanath , Anton Alyakin , Daniel Alexander Alber , Jin Vivian Lee , Douglas Kondziolka , Eric Karl Oermann

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their ability to learn in-context, allowing them to perform various tasks based on a few input-output examples. However, the effectiveness of in-context learning is heavily reliant on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Furu Wei

With the rapid advancement of post-training techniques for reasoning and information seeking, large language models (LLMs) can incorporate a large quantity of retrieved knowledge to solve complex tasks. However, the limited context window…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zijun Liu , Zhennan Wan , Peng Li , Ming Yan , Fei Huang , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are conversational interfaces. As such, LLMs have the potential to assist their users not only when they can fully specify the task at hand, but also to help them define, explore, and refine what they need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Philippe Laban , Hiroaki Hayashi , Yingbo Zhou , Jennifer Neville

Long-context modeling capabilities are important for large language models (LLMs) in various applications. However, directly training LLMs with long context windows is insufficient to enhance this capability since some training samples do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Longze Chen , Ziqiang Liu , Wanwei He , Yunshui Li , Run Luo , Min Yang

This work introduces an efficient method to scale Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) to infinitely long inputs with bounded memory and computation. A key component in our proposed approach is a new attention technique dubbed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Tsendsuren Munkhdalai , Manaal Faruqui , Siddharth Gopal

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle to accurately read and comprehend extremely long texts. Current methods for improvement typically rely on splitting long contexts into fixed-length chunks. However, fixed truncation risks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Boheng Sheng , Jiacheng Yao , Meicong Zhang , Guoxiu He

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to handle long input sequences due to high memory and runtime costs. Memory-augmented models have emerged as a promising solution to this problem, but current methods are hindered by limited memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Zexue He , Leonid Karlinsky , Donghyun Kim , Julian McAuley , Dmitry Krotov , Rogerio Feris

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, to mitigate the issue of hallucinations, LLMs often incorporate retrieval-augmented pipeline to provide them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Haowen Hou , Fei Ma , Binwen Bai , Xinxin Zhu , Fei Yu

In this paper, we demonstrate that an inherent waveform pattern in the attention allocation of large language models (LLMs) significantly affects their performance in tasks demanding a high degree of context awareness, such as utilizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yuhan Chen , Ang Lv , Ting-En Lin , Changyu Chen , Yuchuan Wu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Rui Yan

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-turn dialogue and other sustained interactive scenarios, it is essential to understand how extended context affects their performance. Popular benchmarks, focusing primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Robert Hankache , Kingsley Nketia Acheampong , Liang Song , Marek Brynda , Raad Khraishi , Greig A. Cowan

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated strong performance in multilingual question-answering (QA) tasks by leveraging relevant passages retrieved from corpora. In multilingual RAG (mRAG), the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Jirui Qi , Raquel Fernández , Arianna Bisazza

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has not only provided numerous opportunities but also presented significant challenges. This becomes particularly evident when LLMs inadvertently generate harmful or toxic content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Kai Chen , Chunwei Wang , Kuo Yang , Jianhua Han , Lanqing Hong , Fei Mi , Hang Xu , Zhengying Liu , Wenyong Huang , Zhenguo Li , Dit-Yan Yeung , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

The growing capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential to enhance healthcare by assisting medical researchers and physicians. However, their reliance on static training data is a major risk when medical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Juraj Vladika , Mahdi Dhaini , Florian Matthes

Long-context language models (LCLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities in long-context understanding tasks. Among these, long-context referencing -- a crucial task that requires LCLMs to attribute items of interest to specific parts of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Junjie Wu , Gefei Gu , Yanan Zheng , Dit-Yan Yeung , Arman Cohan