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The k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) is a basic machine learning (ML) algorithm, and several quantum versions of it, employing different distance metrics, have been presented in the last few years. Although the Euclidean distance is one of the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Enrico Zardini , Enrico Blanzieri , Davide Pastorello

Nearest neighbor (NN) problem is an important scientific problem. The NN query, to find the closest one to a given query point among a set of points, is widely used in applications such as density estimation, pattern classification,…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Yang Li , Gang Liu , Junbin Gao , Zhenwen He , Mingyuan Bai , Chengjun Li

In this paper, we present an experimental comparison of various graph-based approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search algorithms deployed on edge devices for real-time nearest neighbor search applications, such as smart city infrastructure…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Ali Ganbarov , Jicheng Yuan , Anh Le-Tuan , Manfred Hauswirth , Danh Le-Phuoc

$k$ Nearest Neighbors ($k$NN) is one of the most widely used supervised learning algorithms to classify Gaussian distributed data, but it does not achieve good results when it is applied to nonlinear manifold distributed data, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Enmei Tu , Yaqian Zhang , Lin Zhu , Jie Yang , Nikola Kasabov

Nearest neighbor search plays a fundamental role in many disciplines such as multimedia information retrieval, data-mining, and machine learning. The graph-based search approaches show superior performance over other types of approaches in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Hui Wang , Yong Wang , Wan-Lei Zhao

Fixed-radius near neighbor search is a fundamental data operation that retrieves all data points within a user-specified distance to a query point. There are efficient algorithms that can provide fast approximate query responses, but they…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Xinye Chen , Stefan Güttel

k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) search is a fundamental primitive in geometry processing and computer graphics. While spatial partitioning structures such as kd-trees are standard, they are often manifold-blind, failing to exploit the intrinsic…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Pengfei Wang , Qinghao Guo , Haisen Zhao , Shiqing Xin , Shuangmin Chen , Changhe Tu , Wenping Wang

Similarity search finds application in specialized database systems handling complex data such as images or videos, which are typically represented by high-dimensional features and require specific indexing structures. This paper tackles…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-07 Jeff Johnson , Matthijs Douze , Hervé Jégou

The kd-tree is a fundamental tool in computer science. Among other applications, the application of kd-tree search (by the tree method) to the fast evaluation of particle interactions and neighbor search is highly important, since the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2011-12-21 Naohito Nakasato

Approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) in high-dimensional vector spaces has a wide range of real-world applications. Numerous methods have been proposed to handle ANNS efficiently, while graph-based indexes have gained prominence due…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zhonggen Li , Xiangyu Ke , Yifan Zhu , Bocheng Yu , Baihua Zheng , Yunjun Gao

Approximate $k$-nearest neighbor search (A$k$-NNS) is a core operation in vector databases, underpinning applications such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and image retrieval. In these scenarios, users often prefer diverse result…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Jiachen Zhao , Xiao Yan , Eric Lo

Graph-based algorithms have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in the nearest neighbor search (NN-Search) problem. These empirical successes urge the need for theoretical results that guarantee the search quality and efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Anshumali Shrivastava , Zhao Song , Zhaozhuo Xu

Proximity graph-based methods have emerged as a leading paradigm for approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search in the system community. This paper presents fresh insights into the theoretical foundation of these methods. We describe an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Shangqi Lu , Yufei Tao

Approximate K nearest neighbor (AKNN) search is a fundamental and challenging problem. We observe that in high-dimensional space, the time consumption of nearly all AKNN algorithms is dominated by that of the distance comparison operations…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Jianyang Gao , Cheng Long

Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (ANNS) has become fundamental to modern deep learning applications, having gained particular prominence through its integration into recent generative models that work with increasingly complex datasets…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yuntao Gui , Peiqi Yin , Xiao Yan , Chaorui Zhang , Weixi Zhang , James Cheng

Given a collection of points in R^3, KD-Tree and R-Tree are well-known nearest neighbor search (NNS) algorithms that rely on space partitioning and spatial indexing techniques. However, when the query point is far from the data points or…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Pengfei Wang , Jiantao Song , Shiqing Xin , Shuangmin Chen , Changhe Tu , Wenping Wang , Jiaye Wang

Nearest-neighbor search dominates the asymptotic complexity of sampling-based motion planning algorithms and is often addressed with k-d tree data structures. While it is generally believed that the expected complexity of nearest-neighbor…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Valerio Varricchio , Brian Paden , Dmitry Yershov , Emilio Frazzoli

Nearest neighbor search is known as a challenging issue that has been studied for several decades. Recently, this issue becomes more and more imminent in viewing that the big data problem arises from various fields. In this paper, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-06 Wan-Lei Zhao , Jie Yang , Cheng-Hao Deng

We focus on low-dimensional non-metric search, where tree-based approaches permit efficient and accurate retrieval while having short indexing time. These methods rely on space partitioning and require a pruning rule to avoid visiting…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Leonid Boytsov , Eric Nyberg

Nearest Neighbor Search (NNS) has recently drawn a rapid increase of interest due to its core role in managing high-dimensional vector data in data science and AI applications. The interest is fueled by the success of neural embedding,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Zhen Peng , Minjia Zhang , Kai Li , Ruoming Jin , Bin Ren