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The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly relies on other LLMs acting as judges. However, current evaluation paradigms typically yield a single score or ranking, answering which model is better but not why. While essential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Yotam Perlitz , Roy Bar-Haim , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their ubiquitous deployment in diverse domains, measuring language model behavior on realistic data is imperative. For example, a company deploying a client-facing chatbot must ensure that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Neel Jain , Khalid Saifullah , Yuxin Wen , John Kirchenbauer , Manli Shu , Aniruddha Saha , Micah Goldblum , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein

Large language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable performance on various NLP tasks and are augmented by tools for broader applications. Yet, how to evaluate and analyze the tool-utilization capability of LLMs is still under-explored. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Zehui Chen , Weihua Du , Wenwei Zhang , Kuikun Liu , Jiangning Liu , Miao Zheng , Jingming Zhuo , Songyang Zhang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen , Feng Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been revolutionizing a myriad of natural language processing tasks with their diverse zero-shot capabilities. Indeed, existing work has shown that LLMs can be used to great effect for many tasks, such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Baharan Nouriinanloo , Maxime Lamothe

High-quality textual training data is essential for the success of multimodal data processing tasks, yet outputs from image captioning models like BLIP and GIT often contain errors and anomalies that are difficult to rectify using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Elyas Meguellati , Nardiena Pratama , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in software engineering, their application to unit testing remains largely confined to isolated test generation or oracle prediction, neglecting the broader challenge of test suite…

Excel is a pervasive yet often complex tool, particularly for novice users, where runtime errors arising from logical mistakes or misinterpretations of functions pose a significant challenge. While large language models (LLMs) offer…

With the continuous emergence of Chinese Large Language Models (LLMs), how to evaluate a model's capabilities has become an increasingly significant issue. The absence of a comprehensive Chinese benchmark that thoroughly assesses a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yanyang Li , Jianqiao Zhao , Duo Zheng , Zi-Yuan Hu , Zhi Chen , Xiaohui Su , Yongfeng Huang , Shijia Huang , Dahua Lin , Michael R. Lyu , Liwei Wang

The rapid progress in Large Language Models (LLMs) poses potential risks such as generating unethical content. Assessing LLMs' values can help expose their misalignment, but relies on reference-free evaluators, e.g., fine-tuned LLMs or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jing Yao , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie

Recent statements about the impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are usually supported by evaluating on open-access benchmarks. Considering the vast size and wide-ranging sources of LLMs' training data, it could…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Yihong Dong , Xue Jiang , Huanyu Liu , Zhi Jin , Bin Gu , Mengfei Yang , Ge Li

Data contamination hinders fair LLM evaluation by introducing test data into newer models' training sets. Existing studies solve this challenge by updating benchmarks with newly collected data. However, they fail to guarantee…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Xiaobao Wu , Liangming Pan , Yuxi Xie , Ruiwen Zhou , Shuai Zhao , Yubo Ma , Mingzhe Du , Rui Mao , Anh Tuan Luu , William Yang Wang

Large Language Models have become the de facto approach to sequence-to-sequence text generation tasks, but for specialized tasks/domains, a pretrained LLM lacks specific capabilities to produce accurate or well-formatted responses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Jiuhai Chen , Jonas Mueller

Evaluation is the baton for the development of large language models. Current evaluations typically employ a single-item assessment paradigm for each atomic test objective, which struggles to discern whether a model genuinely possesses the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Boxi Cao , Mengjie Ren , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Feng Zhang , Junfeng Zhan , Le Sun

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown significant promise, yet their evaluation raises concerns, particularly regarding data contamination due to the lack of access to proprietary training data. To address this issue,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yanyang Li , Tin Long Wong , Cheung To Hung , Jianqiao Zhao , Duo Zheng , Ka Wai Liu , Michael R. Lyu , Liwei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to Software Engineering (SE), increasingly used in development workflows. However, their widespread adoption raises concerns about the presence and propagation of toxic language - harmful or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hao Zhuo , Yicheng Yang , Kewen Peng

Evaluating the quality of text generated by large language models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge. Traditional metrics often fail to align well with human judgments, particularly in tasks requiring creativity and nuance. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Jayr Pereira , Andre Assumpcao , Roberto Lotufo

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to precisely follow complex and fine-grained lexical instructions is a cornerstone of their utility and controllability. However, evaluating this capability remains a significant challenge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Huimin Ren , Yan Liang , Baiqiao Su , Chaobo Sun , Hengtong Lu , Kaike Zhang , Chen Wei

The acceleration of Large Language Models (LLMs) research has opened up new possibilities for evaluating generated texts. They serve as scalable and economical evaluators, but the question of how reliable these evaluators are has emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Minzhi Li , Zhengyuan Liu , Shumin Deng , Shafiq Joty , Nancy F. Chen , Min-Yen Kan

Data contamination poses a significant threat to the reliable evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs). This issue arises when benchmark samples may inadvertently appear in training sets, compromising the validity of reported performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yongding Tao , Tian Wang , Yihong Dong , Huanyu Liu , Kechi Zhang , Xiaolong Hu , Ge Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming how people find information, and many users turn nowadays to chatbots to obtain answers to their questions. Despite the instant access to abundant information that LLMs offer, it is still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Adam Jatowt