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In the rapidly evolving field of Explainable Natural Language Processing (NLP), textual explanations, i.e., human-like rationales, are pivotal for explaining model predictions and enriching datasets with interpretable labels. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Mahdi Dhaini , Juraj Vladika , Ege Erdogan , Zineb Attaoui , Gjergji Kasneci

Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language…

Large amount of unstructured designed information is difficult to deal with. Obtaining specific information is a hard mission and takes a lot of time. Information Retrieval System (IR) is a way to solve this kind of problem. IR is a good…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-04-03 Maher Abdullah , Mohammed GH. I. Al Zamil

One of the principal tasks of machine learning with major applications is text classification. This paper focuses on the legal domain and, in particular, on the classification of lengthy legal documents. The main challenge that this study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Lulu Wan , George Papageorgiou , Michael Seddon , Mirko Bernardoni

Technology-assisted review (TAR) refers to human-in-the-loop machine learning workflows for document review in legal discovery and other high recall review tasks. Attorneys and legal technologists have debated whether review should be a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Eugene Yang , David D. Lewis , Ophir Frieder

The processing of legal texts has been developing as an emerging field in natural language processing (NLP). Legal texts contain unique jargon and complex linguistic attributes in vocabulary, semantics, syntax, and morphology. Therefore,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Mert Cemri , Tolga Çukur , Aykut Koç

Extracting information from unstructured text documents is a demanding task, since these documents can have a broad variety of different layouts and a non-trivial reading order, like it is the case for multi-column documents or nested…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Matthias Engelbach , Dennis Klau , Jens Drawehn , Maximilien Kintz

Text clustering serves as a fundamental technique for organizing and interpreting unstructured textual data, particularly in contexts where manual annotation is prohibitively costly. With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Chen Huang , Guoxiu He

Explanations in Machine Learning come in many forms, but a consensus regarding their desired properties is yet to emerge. In this paper we introduce a taxonomy and a set of descriptors that can be used to characterise and systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Kacper Sokol , Peter Flach

Explainability is a longstanding challenge in deep learning, especially in high-stakes domains like healthcare. Common explainability methods highlight image regions that drive an AI model's decision. Humans, however, heavily rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Shobhit Agarwal , Yevgeniy R. Semenov , William Lotter

Understanding a Reinforcement Learning (RL) policy is crucial for ensuring that autonomous agents behave according to human expectations. This goal can be achieved using Explainable Reinforcement Learning (XRL) techniques. Although textual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ahmad Terra , Mohit Ahmed , Rafia Inam , Elena Fersman , Martin Törngren

The goal of a technology-assisted review is to achieve high recall with low human effort. Continuous active learning algorithms have demonstrated good performance in locating the majority of relevant documents in a collection, however their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Jie Zou , Dan Li , Evangelos Kanoulas

Human-performed annotation of sentences in legal documents is an important prerequisite to many machine learning based systems supporting legal tasks. Typically, the annotation is done sequentially, sentence by sentence, which is often time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

As an essential operation of legal retrieval, legal case matching plays a central role in intelligent legal systems. This task has a high demand on the explainability of matching results because of its critical impacts on downstream…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Weijie Yu , Zhongxiang Sun , Jun Xu , Zhenhua Dong , Xu Chen , Hongteng Xu , Ji-Rong Wen

Text embeddings are numerical representations of text data, where words, phrases, or entire documents are converted into vectors of real numbers. These embeddings capture semantic meanings and relationships between text elements in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Fusheng Wei , Robert Neary , Han Qin , Qiang Mao , Jianping Zhang

Progress on many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, such as text classification, is driven by objective, reproducible and scalable evaluation via publicly available benchmarks. However, these are not always representative of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Viktor Schlegel , Erick Mendez-Guzman , Riza Batista-Navarro

The amount of information stored in the form of documents on the internet has been increasing rapidly. Thus it has become a necessity to organize and maintain these documents in an optimum manner. Text classification algorithms study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Vedangi Wagh , Snehal Khandve , Isha Joshi , Apurva Wani , Geetanjali Kale , Raviraj Joshi

Text alignment finds application in tasks such as citation recommendation and plagiarism detection. Existing alignment methods operate at a single, predefined level and cannot learn to align texts at, for example, sentence and document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Xuhui Zhou , Nikolaos Pappas , Noah A. Smith

The language used by US courtroom actors in criminal trials has long been studied for biases. However, systematic studies for bias in high-stakes court trials have been difficult, due to the nuanced nature of bias and the legal expertise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Andrea W Wen-Yi , Kathryn Adamson , Nathalie Greenfield , Rachel Goldberg , Sandra Babcock , David Mimno , Allison Koenecke

The ability to automatically identify industry sector coverage in articles on legal developments, or any kind of news articles for that matter, can bring plentiful of benefits both to the readers and the content creators themselves. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Hui Yang , Stella Hadjiantoni , Yunfei Long , Ruta Petraityte , Berthold Lausen