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On the Internet, information circulates fast and widely, and the form of content adapts to comply with users' cognitive abilities. Memes are an emerging aspect of the internet system of signification, and their visual schemes evolve by…

Potentially idiomatic expressions (PIEs) construe meanings inherently tied to the everyday experience of a given language community. As such, they constitute an interesting challenge for assessing the linguistic (and to some extent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Dilara Torunoğlu-Selamet , Dogukan Arslan , Rodrigo Wilkens , Wei He , Doruk Eryiğit , Thomas Pickard , Adriana S. Pagano , Aline Villavicencio , Gülşen Eryiğit , Ágnes Abuczki , Aida Cardoso , Alesia Lazarenka , Dina Almassova , Amalia Mendes , Anna Kanellopoulou , Antoni Brosa-Rodríguez , Baiba Saulite , Beata Wojtowicz , Bolette Pedersen , Carlos Manuel Hidalgo-Ternero , Chaya Liebeskind , Danka Jokić , Diego Alves , Eleni Triantafyllidi , Erik Velldal , Fred Philippy , Giedre Valunaite Oleskeviciene , Ieva Rizgeliene , Inguna Skadina , Irina Lobzhanidze , Isabell Stinessen Haugen , Jauza Akbar Krito , Jelena M. Marković , Johanna Monti , Josue Alejandro Sauca , Kaja Dobrovoljc , Kingsley O. Ugwuanyi , Laura Rituma , Lilja Øvrelid , Maha Tufail Agro , Manzura Abjalova , Maria Chatzigrigoriou , María del Mar Sánchez Ramos , Marija Pendevska , Masoumeh Seyyedrezaei , Mehrnoush Shamsfard , Momina Ahsan , Muhammad Ahsan Riaz Khan , Nathalie Carmen Hau Norman , Nilay Erdem Ayyıldız , Nina Hosseini-Kivanani , Noémi Ligeti-Nagy , Numaan Naeem , Olha Kanishcheva , Olha Yatsyshyna , Daniil Orel , Petra Giommarelli , Petya Osenova , Radovan Garabik , Regina E. Semou , Rozane Rebechi , Salsabila Zahirah Pranida , Samia Touileb , Sanni Nimb , Sarfraz Ahmad , Sarvinoz Sharipova , Shahar Golan , Shaoxiong Ji , Sopuruchi Christian Aboh , Srdjan Sucur , Stella Markantonatou , Sussi Olsen , Vahide Tajalli , Veronika Lipp , Voula Giouli , Yelda Yeşildal Eraydın , Zahra Saaberi , Zhuohan Xie

Memes are widely used for humor and cultural commentary, but they are increasingly exploited to spread hateful content. Due to their multimodal nature, hateful memes often evade traditional text-only or image-only detection systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Ali Anaissi , Junaid Akram , Kunal Chaturvedi , Ali Braytee

Puns are a common form of rhetorical wordplay that exploits polysemy and phonetic similarity to create humor. In multimodal puns, visual and textual elements synergize to ground the literal sense and evoke the figurative meaning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Naen Xu , Jiayi Sheng , Changjiang Li , Chunyi Zhou , Yuyuan Li , Tianyu Du , Jun Wang , Zhihui Fu , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Humor, deeply rooted in societal meanings and cultural details, poses a unique challenge for machines. While advances have been made in natural language processing, real-world humor often thrives in a multi-modal context, encapsulated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yuyan Chen , Songzhou Yan , Zhihong Zhu , Zhixu Li , Yanghua Xiao

Despite the increasingly important role played by image memes, we do not yet have a solid understanding of the elements that might make a meme go viral on social media. In this paper, we investigate what visual elements distinguish image…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Chen Ling , Ihab AbuHilal , Jeremy Blackburn , Emiliano De Cristofaro , Savvas Zannettou , Gianluca Stringhini

Much previous work characterizing language variation across Internet social groups has focused on the types of words used by these groups. We extend this type of study by employing BERT to characterize variation in the senses of words as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Li Lucy , David Bamman

Metaphors are pervasive in communication, making them crucial for natural language processing (NLP). Previous research on automatic metaphor processing predominantly relies on training data consisting of English samples, which often reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Senqi Yang , Dongyu Zhang , Jing Ren , Ziqi Xu , Xiuzhen Zhang , Yiliao Song , Hongfei Lin , Feng Xia

The automatic identification of harmful content online is of major concern for social media platforms, policymakers, and society. Researchers have studied textual, visual, and audio content, but typically in isolation. Yet, harmful content…

Memes are a powerful tool for communication over social media. Their affinity for evolving across politics, history, and sociocultural phenomena makes them an ideal communication vehicle. To comprehend the subtle message conveyed within a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Shivam Sharma , Ramaneswaran S , Udit Arora , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Internet memes have become a dominant method of communication; at the same time, however, they are also increasingly being used to advocate extremism and foster derogatory beliefs. Nonetheless, we do not have a firm understanding as to…

Multimodal image-text memes are prevalent on the internet, serving as a unique form of communication that combines visual and textual elements to convey humor, ideas, or emotions. However, some memes take a malicious turn, promoting hateful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Giovanni Burbi , Alberto Baldrati , Lorenzo Agnolucci , Marco Bertini , Alberto Del Bimbo

Internet memes, channels for humor, social commentary, and cultural expression, are increasingly used to spread toxic messages. Studies on the computational analyses of toxic memes have significantly grown over the past five years, and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Delfina Sol Martinez Pandiani , Erik Tjong Kim Sang , Davide Ceolin

Warning: This paper contains memes that may be offensive to some readers. Multimodal Internet Memes are now a ubiquitous fixture in online discourse. One strand of meme-based research is the classification of memes according to various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

Memes have gained popularity as a means to share visual ideas through the Internet and social media by mixing text, images and videos, often for humorous purposes. Research enabling automated analysis of memes has gained attention in recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Xiaoyu Guo , Jing Ma , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Social media is daily creating massive multimedia content with paired image and text, presenting the pressing need to automate the vision and language understanding for various multimodal classification tasks. Compared to the commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Chunpu Xu , Jing Li

Memes are a popular form of communicating trends and ideas in social media and on the internet in general, combining the modalities of images and text. They can express humor and sarcasm but can also have offensive content. Analyzing and…

Traditional online content moderation systems struggle to classify modern multimodal means of communication, such as memes, a highly nuanced and information-dense medium. This task is especially hard in a culturally diverse society like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Cao Yuxuan , Wu Jiayang , Alistair Cheong Liang Chuen , Bryan Shan Guanrong , Theodore Lee Chong Jen , Sherman Chann Zhi Shen

We introduce a framework for quantifying semantic variation of common words in Communities of Practice and in sets of topic-related communities. We show that while some meaning shifts are shared across related communities, others are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Marco Del Tredici , Raquel Fernández

Memes often merge visuals with brief text to share humor or opinions, yet some memes contain harmful messages such as hate speech. In this paper, we introduces MemeBLIP2, a light weight multimodal system that detects harmful memes by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jiaqi Liu , Ran Tong , Aowei Shen , Shuzheng Li , Changlin Yang , Lisha Xu