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Nowadays, research on GUI agents is a hot topic in the AI community. However, current research focuses on GUI task automation, limiting the scope of applications in various GUI scenarios. In this paper, we propose a formalized and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Kangjia Zhao , Jiahui Song , Leigang Sha , Haozhan Shen , Zhi Chen , Tiancheng Zhao , Xiubo Liang , Jianwei Yin

Android Apps are frequently updated, every couple of weeks, to keep up with changing user, hardware and business demands. Correctness of App updates is checked through extensive testing. Recent research has proposed tools for automated GUI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Chao Peng , Ajitha Rajan

Mobile Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by multimodal large language models have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex smartphone tasks. However, existing approaches face two critical limitations: the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Yiping Xie , Song Chen , Jingxuan Xing , Wei Jiang , Zekun Zhu , Yingyao Wang , Pi Bu , Jun Song , Yuning Jiang , Bo Zheng

Due to the importance of Android app quality assurance, many automated GUI testing tools have been developed. Although the test algorithms have been improved, the impact of GUI rendering has been overlooked. On the one hand, setting a long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Sidong Feng , Mulong Xie , Chunyang Chen

The rapid development of GUI foundation models and mobile GUI agents has spurred numerous evaluation benchmarks, yet most rely on simulated environments or open-source applications, leaving real-world closed-source applications largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yifan Sui , Xin Huang , Hongbing Li , Fang Xu , Jiahe Lv , Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Litao Liu , Zhimin Fan , Ziyang Meng , Jia Wang , Junbo Qi , Kaijun Tan , Zheng Ge , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang , Osamu Yoshie

Agents centered around Large Language Models (LLMs) are now capable of automating mobile device operations for users. After fine-tuning to learn a user's mobile operations, these agents can adhere to high-level user instructions online.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Tinghe Ding

Mobile GUI agents show promise in automating tasks but face generalization challenges in diverse real-world scenarios. Traditional approaches using pre-training or fine-tuning with massive datasets struggle with the diversity of mobile…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Guangyi Liu , Pengxiang Zhao , Liang Liu , Zhiming Chen , Yuxiang Chai , Shuai Ren , Hao Wang , Shibo He , Wenchao Meng

Phone automation agents aim to autonomously perform a given natural-language user request, such as scheduling appointments or booking a hotel. While much research effort has been devoted to screen understanding and action planning, complex…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Noam Kahlon , Guy Rom , Anatoly Efros , Filippo Galgani , Omri Berkovitch , Sapir Caduri , William E. Bishop , Oriana Riva , Ido Dagan

While GUI agents have shown strong performance under explicit and completion instructions, real-world deployment requires aligning with users' more complex implicit intents. In this work, we highlight Hierarchical Implicit Intent Alignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yibo Lyu , Gongwei Chen , Rui Shao , Weili Guan , Liqiang Nie

The large demand of mobile devices creates significant concerns about the quality of mobile applications (apps). Developers need to guarantee the quality of mobile apps before it is released to the market. There have been many approaches…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Yu Zhao , Brent Harrison , Tingting Yu

The growing capabilities of large language models in natural language understanding significantly strengthen existing agentic systems. To power performant on-device mobile agents for better data privacy, we introduce DroidCall, the first…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Weikai Xie , Li Zhang , Shihe Wang , Rongjie Yi , Mengwei Xu

Exploratory GUI testing is a particularly demanding setting for MLLM agents: without predefined test scripts, an agent must autonomously navigate an application and discover defects through its own interaction. However, current evaluation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoyi Chen , Yifei Gao , Yang Xu , Xingxing Song , Yi Zhang , Jitao Sang

Mobile Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents aim to autonomously complete tasks within or across apps based on user instructions. While recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) enable these agents to interpret UI screens and perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Linqiang Guo , Wei Liu , Yi Wen Heng , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Yang Wang

Automated input generators are widely used for large-scale dynamic analysis of mobile apps. Such input generators must constantly choose which UI element to interact with and how to interact with it, in order to achieve high coverage with a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Yuanchun Li , Ziyue Yang , Yao Guo , Xiangqun Chen

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has catalyzed the development of mobile graphic user interface (GUI) AI agents, which is designed to autonomously perform tasks on mobile devices.…

Enabling fully automated testing of mobile applications has recently become an important topic of study for both researchers and practitioners. A plethora of tools and approaches have been proposed to aid mobile developers both by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Mario Linares Vasquez , Carlos Bernal-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Autonomous graphical user interface (GUI) agents aim to facilitate task automation by interacting with the user interface without manual intervention. Recent studies have investigated eliciting the capabilities of large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zhuosheng Zhang , Aston Zhang

Large multimodal model powered GUI agents are emerging as high-privilege operators on mobile platforms, entrusted with perceiving screen content and injecting inputs. However, their design operates under the implicit assumption of Visual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yi Qian , Kunwei Qian , Xingbang He , Ligeng Chen , Jikang Zhang , Tiantai Zhang , Haiyang Wei , Linzhang Wang , Hao Wu , Bing Mao

With the rapid progress of multimodal large language models, operating system (OS) agents become increasingly capable of automating tasks through on-device graphical user interfaces (GUIs). However, most existing OS agents are designed for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zheng Wu , Heyuan Huang , Xingyu Lou , Xiangmou Qu , Pengzhou Cheng , Zongru Wu , Weiwen Liu , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhaoxiang Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang

GUI testing is an essential quality assurance process in mobile app development. However, the creation and maintenance of GUI tests for mobile apps are resource-intensive and costly. Recognizing that many apps share similar functionalities,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Xiaolei Li , Jialun Cao , Yepang Liu , Shing-Chi Cheung , Hailong Wang