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Large language model (LLM) based services are primarily structured as client-server interactions, with clients sending queries directly to cloud providers that host LLMs. This approach currently compromises data privacy as all queries must…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Karthik Garimella , Negar Neda , Austin Ebel , Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

The widespread adoption of Machine Learning as a Service raises critical privacy and security concerns, particularly about data confidentiality and trust in both cloud providers and the machine learning models. Homomorphic Encryption (HE)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Nges Brian Njungle , Eric Jahns , Michel A. Kinsy

Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables privacy-preserving deep learning by allowing computations on encrypted data without decryption. However, deploying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with HE is challenging due to the need to convert…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Hyunmin Choi , Jihun Kim , Seungho Kim , Seonhye Park , Jeongyong Park , Wonbin Choi , Hyoungshick Kim

It has been a long standing problem to securely outsource computation tasks to an untrusted party with integrity and confidentiality guarantees. While fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a promising technique that allows computations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Wenhao Wang , Yichen Jiang , Qintao Shen , Weihao Huang , Hao Chen , Shuang Wang , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang , Kai Chen , Kristin Lauter , Dongdai Lin

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a privacy-preserving technique that enables computation directly over ciphertext. Unfortunately, a key challenge for HE is that implementations can be impractically slow and have limits on computation that can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Hsuan Hsiao , Vincent Lee , Brandon Reagen , Armin Alaghi

Traditional AI methodologies necessitate centralized data collection, which becomes impractical when facing problems with network communication, data privacy, or storage capacity. Federated Learning (FL) offers a paradigm that empowers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Konstantin Burlachenko , Abdulmajeed Alrowithi , Fahad Ali Albalawi , Peter Richtarik

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a cryptographic scheme that enables computations to be performed directly on encrypted data, as if the data were in plaintext. After all computations are performed on the encrypted data, it can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ronny Ko

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) enables private inference by evaluating neural networks on encrypted data. In this way, we can delegate the computation to a third party server without ever revealing the user's data. Currently, the CKKS…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Philipp Kern , Lorenzo Rovida , Samuel Teuber , Edoardo Manino , Carsten Sinz , Alberto Leporati

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) enables secure computation on encrypted data without decryption, allowing a great opportunity for privacy-preserving computation. In particular, domains such as healthcare, finance, and government, where data…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Matías Mazzanti , Esteban Mocskos , Augusto Vega , Pradip Bose

Homomorphic Encryption (HE) is a commonly used tool for building privacy-preserving applications. However, in scenarios with many clients and high-latency networks, communication costs due to large ciphertext sizes are the bottleneck. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Rasoul Akhavan Mahdavi , Abdulrahman Diaa , Florian Kerschbaum

The growth of Graph Convolution Network (GCN) model sizes has revolutionized numerous applications, surpassing human performance in areas such as personal healthcare and financial systems. The deployment of GCNs in the cloud raises privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Hongwu Peng , Ran Ran , Yukui Luo , Jiahui Zhao , Shaoyi Huang , Kiran Thorat , Tong Geng , Chenghong Wang , Xiaolin Xu , Wujie Wen , Caiwen Ding

The requirement for privacy-aware machine learning increases as we continue to use PII (Personally Identifiable Information) within machine training. To overcome these privacy issues, we can apply Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 William J Buchanan , Hisham Ali

The nonrecursive Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm was the first quantum algorithm to show a superpolynomial improvement over the corresponding best classical algorithm. Here we define a class of circuits that solve a particular case of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-03 Pablo Fernández , Miguel A. Martin-Delgado

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) provides a powerful paradigm for secure computation, but its practical adoption is severely hindered by the prohibitive computational cost of its bootstrapping procedure. The complexity of all current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dongfang Zhao

New cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption (HE) allow computations to be outsourced to and evaluated blindfolded in a resourceful cloud. These computations often require private data owned by multiple participants, engaging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-13 Asma Aloufi , Peizhao Hu , Yongsoo Song , Kristin Lauter

Reliable neural networks (NNs) provide important inference-time reliability guarantees such as fairness and robustness. Complementarily, privacy-preserving NN inference protects the privacy of client data. So far these two emerging areas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Nikola Jovanović , Marc Fischer , Samuel Steffen , Martin Vechev

The need for privacy-preserving analytics is higher than ever due to the severity of privacy risks and to comply with new privacy regulations leading to an amplified interest in privacy-preserving techniques that try to balance between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Ahmad Al Badawi , Luong Hoang , Chan Fook Mun , Kim Laine , Khin Mi Mi Aung

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training while keeping sensitive data on clients' devices, but local model updates can still leak private information. Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE) has recently been applied to FL to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Ivan Costa , Pedro Correia , Ivone Amorim , Eva Maia , Isabel Praça

Homomorphic encryption (HE) has found extensive utilization in federated learning (FL) systems, capitalizing on its dual advantages: (i) ensuring the confidentiality of shared models contributed by participating entities, and (ii) enabling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Dongfang Zhao

Homomorphic encryption enables arbitrary computation over data while it remains encrypted. This privacy-preserving feature is attractive for machine learning, but requires significant computational time due to the large overhead of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Edward Chou , Josh Beal , Daniel Levy , Serena Yeung , Albert Haque , Li Fei-Fei