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Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo could observe the first lensed gravitational waves in the coming years, while the future Einstein Telescope could observe hundreds of lensed events. Ground-based gravitational-wave detectors can resolve…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-25 Giulia Pagano , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li

Gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries provide direct measurements of luminosity distances and serve as a powerful probe of the high-redshift Universe. In addition to their role as standard sirens, they offer an opportunity…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-12 Fumihiro Chuman , Masamune Oguri

This review is focused on tests of Einstein's theory of general relativity with gravitational waves that are detectable by ground-based interferometers and pulsar-timing experiments. Einstein's theory has been greatly constrained in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-13 Nicolas Yunes , Xavier Siemens , Kent Yagi

Gravitational wave (GW) astronomy offers the potential to probe the wave-optics regime of gravitational lensing. Wave optics (WO) effects are relevant at low frequencies, when the wavelength is comparable to the characteristic lensing time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-06 Giovanni Tambalo , Miguel Zumalacárregui , Liang Dai , Mark Ho-Yeuk Cheung

The diffraction patterns of lensed gravitational waves encode information about their propagation speeds. If gravitons have mass, the dispersion relation and speed of gravitational waves will be affected in a frequency-dependent manner,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-23 Ka-Wai Chung , Tjonnie Guang Feng Li

The gravitational-lensing parallax of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is an intriguing probe of primordial black hole (PBH) dark matter in the asteroid-mass window, $2\times 10^{-16}M_{\odot} \lesssim M_{\text{PBH}} \lesssim 5 \times…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-03-26 Michael A. Fedderke , Sergey Sibiryakov

Short-duration gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) are widely believed to be powered by the mergers of compact binaries, such as binary neutron stars or possibly neutron star-black hole binaries. Though the prospect of detecting SGRBs with…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-08-12 Xiang Li , Yi-Ming Hu , Yi-Zhong Fan , Da-Ming Wei

Lensed gravitational waves will offer new means to probe the distribution of matter in the universe, complementary to electromagnetic signals. Lensed continuous gravitational waves provide new challenges and opportunities beyond those of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-02-01 Stefano Savastano , Filippo Vernizzi , Miguel Zumalacárregui

In a General Relativistic framework, Gravitational Waves (GW) and Electromagnetic (EM) waves are expected to respond in the same way to the effects of matter perturbations between the emitter and the observer. A different behaviour might be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-14 Giulio Scelfo , Maria Berti , Alessandra Silvestri , Matteo Viel

Gravitational waves emitted from compact binary coalescence can be subject to wave diffraction if they are gravitationally lensed by an intervening mass clump whose Schwarzschild timescale matches the wave period. Waves in the ground-based…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-28 Liang Dai , Shun-Sheng Li , Barak Zackay , Shude Mao , Youjun Lu

Gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by binary sources are interesting signals for testing gravity on cosmological scales since they allow measurements of the luminosity distance. When followed by electromagnetic counterparts, in particular,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-17 Isabela S. Matos , Emilio Bellini , Maurício O. Calvão , Martin Kunz

Gravitational wave astronomy has tremendous potential for studying extreme astrophysical phenomena and exploring fundamental physics. The waves produced by binary black hole mergers will provide a pristine environment in which to study…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-28 Neil Cornish , Laura Sampson , Nico Yunes , Frans Pretorius

Gravitational waves are theorized to be gravitationally lensed when they propagate near massive objects. Such lensing effects cause potentially detectable repeated gravitational wave patterns in ground- and space-based gravitational wave…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-07 Amit Jit Singh , Ivan S. C. Li , Otto A. Hannuksela , Tjonnie G. F. Li , Kyungmin Kim

Modifications to General Relativity (GR) often incorporate screening mechanisms in order to remain compatible with existing tests of gravity. The screening is less efficient in underdense regions, which suggests that cosmic voids can be a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-06 Christopher T. Davies , Marius Cautun , Baojiu Li

Gravitational lensing offers unique opportunities to learn about the astrophysical origin of distant sources, the abundance of intervening objects acting as lenses, and gravity and cosmology in general. However, all this information can…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 Anson Chen , Paolo Cremonese , Jose María Ezquiaga , David Keitel

We consider the observation of stellar-mass black holes binaries with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Preliminary results based on Fisher information matrix analyses have suggested that gravitational waves from those sources…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-07 Alexandre Toubiana , Sylvain Marsat , Enrico Barausse , Stanislav Babak , John Baker

The Universe's matter inhomogeneity gravitationally affects the propagation of gravitational waves (GWs), causing the lensing effect. Particularly, the weak lensing of GWs has been studied within the range of the Born approximation to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-08 Morifumi Mizuno , Teruaki Suyama

Gravitational lensing by compact, small-scale intervening masses causes frequency-dependent distortions to gravitational-wave events. The optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is often used as a proxy for the detectability of exotic signals…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-04-14 Juno C. L. Chan , Eungwang Seo , Alvin K. Y. Li , Heather Fong , Jose M. Ezquiaga

Gravitational wave (GW) astronomy has revolutionized our capacity to explore nature. The next generation of observatories, among which the space-borne detector Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LISA, is expected to yield orders of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-06 Henri Inchauspé , Silvia Gasparotto , Diego Blas , Lavinia Heisenberg , Jann Zosso , Shubhanshu Tiwari

Within a Bayesian statistical framework, we jointly estimate the source and lens parameters and evaluate the relative evidence between the lensed and unlensed models. This work focuses on the wave optics effects induced by a point mass (PM)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-01-21 Yong Yuan , Minghui Du , Xin-yi Lin , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan