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The use of programming languages such as Java and C in Open Source Software (OSS) has been well studied. However, many other popular languages such as XSL or XML have received minor attention. In this paper, we discuss some trends in OSS…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-02-14 Siim Karus , Harald Gall

Code generation aims to synthesize code and fulfill functional requirements based on natural language (NL) specifications, which can greatly improve development efficiency. In the era of large language models (LLMs), large code models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Chaozheng Wang , Zongjie Li , Cuiyun Gao , Wenxuan Wang , Ting Peng , Hailiang Huang , Yuetang Deng , Shuai Wang , Michael R. Lyu

The increasing prevalence of software bugs has made automated program repair (APR) a key research focus. Large language models (LLMs) offer new opportunities for APR, but existing studies mostly rely on smaller, earlier-generation models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Jiajun Sun , Fengjie Li , Xinzhu Qi , Hongyu Zhang , Jiajun Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable ability in code generation. However, generating the correct solution in a single attempt still remains a challenge. Prior works utilize verification properties in software engineering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Baizhou Huang , Shuai Lu , Weizhu Chen , Xiaojun Wan , Nan Duan

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT have become popular among programming students. Students use LLMs to assist them in programming courses, including generating source code. Previous work has evaluated the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Emir Catir , Robin Claesson , Rodothea Myrsini Tsoupidi

Many software metrics are designed to measure aspects that are believed to be related to software quality. Static software metrics, e.g., size, complexity and coupling are used in defect prediction research as well as software quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Alexander Trautsch , Johannes Erbel , Steffen Herbold , Jens Grabowski

Over the past few years, Large Language Models of Code (Code LLMs) have started to have a significant impact on programming practice. Code LLMs are also emerging as building blocks for research in programming languages and software…

Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation has increasingly emerged as a common practice in the domain of software engineering. Relevant benchmarks have been established to evaluate the code generation capabilities of LLMs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jue Huang , Tarek Mahmud , Corina Pasareanu , Guowei Yang

Large language models have gained significant traction and popularity in recent times, extending their usage to code-generation tasks. While this field has garnered considerable attention, the exploration of testing and evaluating the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Fazle Rabbi , Zishuo Ding , Jinqiu Yang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is being increasingly used to learn and adapt application behavior in many domains, including large-scale and safety critical systems, as for example, autonomous driving. With the advent of plug-n-play RL…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Nicolás Cardozo , Ivana Dusparic , Christian Cabrera

The rise of user-contributed Open Source Software (OSS) ecosystems demonstrate their prevalence in the software engineering discipline. Libraries work together by depending on each other across the ecosystem. From these ecosystems emerges a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-09-15 Raula Gaikovina Kula , Ali Ouni , Daniel M. German , Katsuro Inoue

Large-Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way learners acquire knowledge outside the classroom setting. Previous studies have shown that LLMs seem effective in generating to short and simple questions in introductory CS courses using…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yihan Zhang , Brigitte Pientka , Xujie Si

A key function of a software system is its ability to facilitate the manipulation of data, which is often implemented using a flavour of the Structured Query Language (SQL). To develop the data operations of software (i.e, creating,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Daniel Alencar da Costa , Natalie Grattan , Nigel Stanger , Sherlock A. Licorish

\textbf{Context:} Policy-as-Code (PaC) has become a foundational approach for embedding governance, compliance, and security requirements directly into software systems. While organizations increasingly adopt PaC tools, the software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Patrick Loic Foalem , Foutse Khomh , Leuson Da Silva , Ettore Merlo

The open-source software (OSS) community has historically been dominated by English as the primary language for code, documentation, and developer interactions. However, with growing global participation and better support for non-Latin…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Masudul Hasan Masud Bhuiyan , Manish Kumar Bala Kumar , Cristian-Alexandru Staicu

Establishing fair and robust benchmarks is essential for evaluating intelligent code generation by large language models (LLMs). Our survey of 35 existing benchmarks uncovers three major imbalances: 85.7% focus on a single programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Shuai Wang , Liang Ding , Li Shen , Yong Luo , Han Hu , Lefei Zhang , Fu Lin

Library migration happens when a library can not meet the project's requirements and is non-trivial to accomplish. To mitigate the problem, substantial efforts have been devoted to understanding its characteristics and recommending…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Haiqiao Gu , Yiliang Zhao , Kai Gao , Minghui Zhou

The recent advancements of Small Language Models (SLMs) have opened new possibilities for efficient code generation. SLMs offer lightweight and cost-effective alternatives to Large Language Models (LLMs), making them attractive for use in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Mahade Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Jussi Rasku , Juha Ala-Rantala , Pekka Abrahamsson

Recent studies have revealed that when LLMs are appropriately prompted and configured, they demonstrate mixed results. Such results often meet or exceed the baseline performance. However, these comparisons have two primary issues. First,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Rasmus Krebs , Somnath Mazumdar

Current benchmarks for coding evaluate language models (LMs) on concrete, well-specified tasks such as fixing specific bugs or writing targeted tests. However, human programmers do not spend all day incessantly addressing isolated tasks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-14 John Yang , Kilian Lieret , Joyce Yang , Carlos E. Jimenez , Muhtasham Oblokulov , Aryan Siddiqui , Ofir Press , Ludwig Schmidt , Diyi Yang