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RNA design aims to find a sequence that folds with highest probability into a designated target structure. However, certain structures are undesignable, meaning no sequence can fold into the target structure under the default (Turner) RNA…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Tianshuo Zhou , Wei Yu Tang , Apoorv Malik , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

Motivation: RNA design aims to find RNA sequences that fold into a given target secondary structure, a problem also known as RNA inverse folding. However, not all target structures are designable. Recent advances in RNA designability have…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tianshuo Zhou , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

RNA design aims to identify RNA sequences that fold into a target secondary structure. This task is challenging in terms of computational efficiency. Most existing methods focus on either minimum free energy (MFE)-based or ensemble-based…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-04 Tianshuo Zhou , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

We consider the inverse-folding problem for RNA secondary structures: for a given (pseudo-knot-free) secondary structure find a sequence that has that structure as its ground state. If such a sequence exists, the structure is called…

Biological Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Bernd Burghardt , Alexander K. Hartmann

In this work, we consider the Combinatorial RNA Design problem, a minimal instance of the RNA design problem which aims at finding a sequence that admits a given target as its unique base pair maximizing structure. We provide complete…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-22 Jozef Haleš , Ján Maňuch , Yann Ponty , Ladislav Stacho

In this paper we study irreducibility in RNA structures. By RNA structure we mean RNA secondary as well as RNA pseudoknot structures. In our analysis we shall contrast random and minimum free energy (mfe) configurations. We compute various…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2009-02-24 Emma Y. Jin , Christian M. Reidys

Designing RNA molecules has garnered recent interest in medicine, synthetic biology, biotechnology and bioinformatics since many functional RNA molecules were shown to be involved in regulatory processes for transcription, epigenetics and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Frederic Runge , Danny Stoll , Stefan Falkner , Frank Hutter

Solving the RNA inverse folding problem is a critical prerequisite to RNA design, an emerging field in bioengineering with a broad range of applications from reaction catalysis to cancer therapy. Although significant progress has been made…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2019-03-07 Jade Shi , Rhiju Das , Vijay S. Pande

An RNA secondary structure is designable if there is an RNA sequence which can attain its maximum number of base pairs only by adopting that structure. The combinatorial RNA design problem, introduced by Hale\v{s} et al. in 2016, is to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-12 Jonathan Jedwab , Tara Petrie , Samuel Simon

The problem of RNA secondary structure design (also called inverse folding) is the following: given a target secondary structure, one aims to create a sequence that folds into, or is compatible with, a given structure. In several practical…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2013-08-02 Yu Zhou , Yann Ponty , Stéphane Vialette , Jérôme Waldispühl , Yi Zhang , Alain Denise

The growing significance of RNA engineering in diverse biological applications has spurred interest in developing AI methods for structure-based RNA design. While diffusion models have excelled in protein design, adapting them for RNA…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-11 Divya Nori , Wengong Jin

An RNA sequence is a word over an alphabet on four elements $\{A,C,G,U\}$ called bases. RNA sequences fold into secondary structures where some bases match one another while others remain unpaired. Pseudoknot-free secondary structures can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Édouard Bonnet , Paweł Rzążewski , Florian Sikora

RNA design consists of discovering a nucleotide sequence that folds into a target secondary structure. It is useful for synthetic biology, medicine, and nanotechnology. We propose Montparnasse, a Multi Objective Generalized Nested Rollout…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Tristan Cazenave

RNA inverse sequence design has broad biological and engineering applications, but computational methods for practical design queries remain limited. Such queries may impose several constraints at once, including target folds or motifs,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-11 Michael Lindsey

The tasks of designing RNAs are discrete optimization problems, and several versions of these problems are NP-hard. As an alternative to commonly used local search methods, we formulate these problems as continuous optimization and develop…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-04 Ning Dai , Wei Yu Tang , Tianshuo Zhou , David H. Mathews , Liang Huang

We consider the Combinatorial RNA Design problem, a minimal instance of RNA design where one must produce an RNA sequence that adopts a given secondary structure as its minimal free-energy structure. We consider two free-energy models where…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2016-08-05 Jozef Haleš , Alice Héliou , Ján Maňuch , Yann Ponty , Ladislav Stacho

RNA design shows growing applications in synthetic biology and therapeutics, driven by the crucial role of RNA in various biological processes. A fundamental challenge is to find functional RNA sequences that satisfy given structural…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-18 Han Huang , Ziqian Lin , Dongchen He , Liang Hong , Yu Li

Recently several minimum free energy (MFE) folding algorithms for predicting the joint structure of two interacting RNA molecules have been proposed. Their folding targets are interaction structures, that can be represented as diagrams with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-06-22 Thomas J. X. Li , Christian M. Reidys

RNA molecules are essential cellular machines performing a wide variety of functions for which a specific three-dimensional structure is required. Over the last several years, experimental determination of RNA structures through X-ray…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-11 Tristan Cragnolini , Philippe Derreumaux , Samuela Pasquali

While artificial intelligence has made remarkable strides in revealing the relationship between biological macromolecules' primary sequence and tertiary structure, designing RNA sequences based on specified tertiary structures remains…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-08 Cheng Tan , Yijie Zhang , Zhangyang Gao , Bozhen Hu , Siyuan Li , Zicheng Liu , Stan Z. Li
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