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Stream-based runtime monitoring frameworks are safety assurance tools that check the runtime behavior of a system against a formal specification. This tutorial provides a hands-on introduction to RTLola, a real-time monitoring toolkit for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Florian Kohn , Frederik Scheerer

An essential part of cyber-physical systems is the online evaluation of real-time data streams. Especially in systems that are intrinsically safety-critical, a dedicated monitoring component inspecting data streams to detect problems at…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Maximilian Schwenger , Hazem Torfah

Stream-based monitoring is a well-established runtime verification approach which relates input streams, representing sensor readings from the monitored system, with output streams that capture filtered or aggregated results. In such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Frederik Scheerer

Stream-based runtime monitors are safety assurance tools that check at runtime whether the system's behavior satisfies a formal specification. Specifications consist of stream equations, which relate input streams, containing sensor…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jan Baumeister , Arthur Correnson , Bernd Finkbeiner , Frederik Scheerer

Cyber-physical systems are inherently safety-critical. The deployment of a runtime monitor significantly increases confidence in their safety. The effectiveness of the monitor can be maximized by considering it an integral component during…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Maximilian Schwenger

Runtime monitors that are specified in a stream-based monitoring language tend to be easier to understand, maintain, and reuse than those written in a standard programming language. Because of their formal semantics, such specification…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Matthis Kruse , Maximilian Schwenger

We introduce RTLola, a new stream-based specification language for the description of real-time properties of reactive systems. The key feature is the integration of sliding windows over real-time intervals with aggregation functions into…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Peter Faymonville , Bernd Finkbeiner , Maximilian Schwenger , Hazem Torfah

Stream-based monitoring is a real-time safety assurance mechanism for complex cyber-physical systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles. In this context, a monitor aggregates streams of input data from sensors and other sources to give…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Florian Kohn , Arthur Correnson , Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner

Stream-based monitoring is a runtime verification approach where a monitor aggregates streams of input data from sensors and other sources to give real-time statistics and assessments of a system's health. One of the central challenges in…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Florian Kohn , Arthur Correnson , Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner

Stream-based monitoring is a real-time safety assurance mechanism for complex cyber-physical systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles. The monitor aggregates streams of input data from sensors and other sources to give real-time statistics…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Florian Kohn

Stream-based runtime monitors are used in safety-critical applications such as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to compute comprehensive statistics and logical assessments of system health that provide the human operator with critical…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Jan Baumeister , Bernd Finkbeiner , Stefan Gumhold , Malte Schledjewski

The autonomous control of unmanned aircraft is a highly safety-critical domain with great economic potential in a wide range of application areas, including logistics, agriculture, civil engineering, and disaster recovery. We report on the…

Runtime verification is concerned with monitoring program traces. In particular, stream runtime verification (SRV) takes the program trace as input streams and incrementally derives output streams. SRV can check logical properties and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-03 Lukas Convent , Sebastian Hungerecker , Martin Leucker , Torben Scheffel , Malte Schmitz , Daniel Thoma

Runtime verification is an effective automated method for specification-based offline testing and analysis as well as online monitoring of complex systems. The specification language is often a variant of regular expressions or a popular…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-11-11 Ramy Medhat , Yogi Joshi , Borzoo Bonakdarpour , Sebastian Fischmeister

Static analysis tools come in many forms andconfigurations, allowing them to handle various tasks in a (secure) development process: code style linting, bug/vulnerability detection, verification, etc., and adapt to the specific requirements…

Runtime verification or runtime monitoring equips safety-critical cyber-physical systems to augment design assurance measures and ensure operational safety and security. Cyber-physical systems have interaction failures, attack surfaces, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Smitha Gautham , Georgios Bakirtzis , Alexander Will , Athira V. Jayakumar , Carl R. Elks

Online monitoring aims to evaluate or to predict, at runtime, whether or not the behaviors of a system satisfy some desired specification. It plays a key role in safety-critical cyber-physical systems. In this work, we propose a new…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-31 Xinyi Yu , Weijie Dong , Xiang Yin , Shaoyuan Li

Runtime monitoring is commonly used to detect the violation of desired properties in safety critical cyber-physical systems by observing its executions. Bauer et al. introduced an influential framework for monitoring Linear Temporal Logic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Corto Mascle , Daniel Neider , Maximilian Schwenger , Paulo Tabuada , Alexander Weinert , Martin Zimmermann

Instrumenting programs for performing run-time checking of properties, such as regular shapes, is a common and useful technique that helps programmers detect incorrect program behaviors. This is specially true in dynamic languages such as…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-09 Maximiliano Klemen , Nataliia Stulova , Pedro Lopez-Garcia , José F. Morales , Manuel V. Hermenegildo

Techniques for runtime verification often utilise specification languages that are (i) reasonably expressive, and (ii) relatively abstract (i.e. they operate on a level of abstraction that separates them from the system being monitored).…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Joshua Heneage Dawes , Giles Reger
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