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Contextual word embeddings obtained from pre-trained language model (PLM) have proven effective for various natural language processing tasks at the word level. However, interpreting the hidden aspects within embeddings, such as syntax and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Nayoung Choi

Pre-training a language model and then fine-tuning it has shown to be an efficient and effective technique for a wide range of code intelligence tasks, such as code generation, code summarization, and vulnerability detection. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Zhangqian Bi , Yao Wan , Zhaoyang Chu , Yufei Hu , Junyi Zhang , Hongyu Zhang , Guandong Xu , Hai Jin

Neural models that do not rely on pre-training have excelled in the keyphrase generation task with large annotated datasets. Meanwhile, new approaches have incorporated pre-trained language models (PLMs) for their data efficiency. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Di Wu , Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Kai-Wei Chang

Context: Mobile app reviews written by users on app stores or social media are significant resources for app developers.Analyzing app reviews have proved to be useful for many areas of software engineering (e.g., requirement engineering,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Mohammad Abdul Hadi , Fatemeh H. Fard

Deep learning has enabled remarkable progress in binary code analysis. In particular, pre-trained embeddings of assembly code have become a gold standard for solving analysis tasks, such as measuring code similarity or recognizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Alwin Maier , Felix Weissberg , Konrad Rieck

Learning neural program embeddings is key to utilizing deep neural networks in program languages research --- precise and efficient program representations enable the application of deep models to a wide range of program analysis tasks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Ke Wang , Zhendong Su

Multi-modal program synthesis refers to the task of synthesizing programs (code) from their specification given in different forms, such as a combination of natural language and examples. Examples provide a precise but incomplete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Kia Rahmani , Mohammad Raza , Sumit Gulwani , Vu Le , Daniel Morris , Arjun Radhakrishna , Gustavo Soares , Ashish Tiwari

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) form a combinatorial "code" that regulates protein function, yet deciphering this code - linking modified sites to their catalytic enzymes - remains a central unsolved problem in understanding…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jingjie Zhang , Hanqun Cao , Zijun Gao , Yu Wang , Shaoning Li , Jun Xu , Cheng Tan , Jun Zhu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Chunbin Gu , Pheng Ann Heng

Code summarization and generation empower conversion between programming language (PL) and natural language (NL), while code translation avails the migration of legacy code from one PL to another. This paper introduces PLBART, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Saikat Chakraborty , Baishakhi Ray , Kai-Wei Chang

The wide applicability of pretrained transformer models (PTMs) for natural language tasks is well demonstrated, but their ability to comprehend short phrases of text is less explored. To this end, we evaluate different PTMs from the lens of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Sai Muralidhar Jayanthi , Varsha Embar , Karthik Raghunathan

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

Source code can be parsed into the abstract syntax tree (AST) based on defined syntax rules. However, in pre-training, little work has considered the incorporation of tree structure into the learning process. In this paper, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Xue Jiang , Zhuoran Zheng , Chen Lyu , Liang Li , Lei Lyu

Finetuning is a common practice widespread across different communities to adapt pretrained models to particular tasks. Text classification is one of these tasks for which many pretrained models are available. On the other hand, ensembles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sebastian Pineda Arango , Maciej Janowski , Lennart Purucker , Arber Zela , Frank Hutter , Josif Grabocka

Current language models tailored for code tasks often adopt the pre-training-then-fine-tuning paradigm from natural language processing, modeling source code as plain text. This approach, however, overlooks the unambiguous structures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Mayank Agarwal , Yikang Shen , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , Jie Chen

Although models using contextual word embeddings have achieved state-of-the-art results on a host of NLP tasks, little is known about exactly what information these embeddings encode about the context words that they are understood to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Josef Klafka , Allyson Ettinger

Sequence-to-sequence models have been used to transform erroneous programs into correct ones when trained with a large enough dataset. Some recent studies also demonstrated strong empirical evidence that code review could improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Rishov Paul , Md. Mohib Hossain , Mohammed Latif Siddiq , Masum Hasan , Anindya Iqbal , Joanna C. S. Santos

Large Language Models trained on code corpora (code-LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various coding assistance tasks. However, despite their increased size and training dataset, code-LLMs still have limitations such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Abhinav Anand , Shweta Verma , Krishna Narasimhan , Mira Mezini

Text embeddings are useful features in many applications such as semantic search and computing text similarity. Previous work typically trains models customized for different use cases, varying in dataset choice, training objective and…

Recent years have witnessed increasing interests in prompt-based learning in which models can be trained on only a few annotated instances, making them suitable in low-resource settings. When using prompt-based learning for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Hongjing Li , Hanqi Yan , Yanran Li , Li Qian , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Text embedding has become a foundational technology in natural language processing (NLP) during the deep learning era, driving advancements across a wide array of downstream tasks. While many natural language understanding challenges can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhijie Nie , Zhangchi Feng , Mingxin Li , Cunwang Zhang , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang