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This article critically investigates the limitations of the simulated annealing algorithm using probabilistic bits (pSA) in solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. The study begins with an in-depth analysis of the pSA…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Naoya Onizawa , Takahiro Hanyu

Repetition code forms a fundamental basis for quantum error correction experiments. To date, it stands as the sole code that has achieved large distances and extremely low error rates. Its applications span the spectrum of evaluating…

We consider realistic, multi-parameter error models and investigate the performance of the surface code for three possible fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computer architectures. We map amplitude and phase damping to a diagonal Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-21 Joydip Ghosh , Austin G. Fowler , Michael R. Geller

Ising machines (IM) have recently been proposed as unconventional hardware-based computation accelerators for solving NP-hard problems. In this work, we present a model for a time-multiplexed IM based on the nonlinear oscillations in a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-06-12 Roman V. Ovcharov , Victor H. González , Artem Litvinenko , Johan Åkerman , Roman S. Khymyn

Realizing the full potential of quantum computation requires quantum error correction (QEC), with most recent breakthrough demonstrations of QEC using the surface code. QEC codes use multiple noisy physical qubits to encode information in…

Fault tolerance is a prerequisite for scalable quantum computing. Architectures based on 2D topological codes are effective for near-term implementations of fault tolerance. To obtain high performance with these architectures, we require a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-23 Ben Criger , Imran Ashraf

We map the decoding problem of the surface code under depolarizing and syndrome noise to a disordered spin model, which we call the random coupled-plaquette gauge model (RCPGM). By coupling X- and Z-syndrome volumes, this model allows us to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-19 Manuel Rispler , Davide Vodola , Markus Müller , Seyong Kim

We estimate the resource requirements for the quantum simulation of the ground state energy of the one dimensional quantum transverse Ising model (TIM), based on the surface code implementation of a fault tolerant quantum computer. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-02 Hao You , Michael R. Geller , P. C. Stancil

This paper considers reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems under dual-polarized (DP) channels. Unlike the existing ISAC systems, which ignored polarization of electromagnetic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Dongnan Xia , Cunhua Pan , Hong Ren , Zhiyuan Yu , Yasheng Jin , Jiangzhou Wang

The general-purpose programmable photonic processors offer a scalable and reconfigurable solution for a wide range of RF and optical applications. Therefore, implementing photonic Ising machines using programmable processors leverages the…

Finding the ground state of the Ising spin-glass is an important and challenging problem (NP-hard, in fact) in condensed matter physics. However, its applications spread far beyond physic due to its deep relation to various combinatorial…

While constructing polar codes for successive-cancellation decoding can be implemented efficiently by sorting the bit-channels, finding optimal polar codes for cyclic-redundancy-check-aided successive-cancellation list (CA-SCL) decoding in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Yun Liao , Seyyed Ali Hashemi , Hengjie Yang , John M. Cioffi

This study addresses the minor-embedding problem, which involves mapping the variables of an Ising model onto a quantum annealing processor. The primary motivation stems from the observed performance disparity of quantum annealers when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Aitor Gomez-Tejedor , Eneko Osaba , Esther Villar-Rodriguez

While linear programming (LP) decoding provides more flexibility for finite-length performance analysis than iterative message-passing (IMP) decoding, it is computationally more complex to implement in its original form, due to both the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-02-05 Mohammad H. Taghavi , Amin Shokrollahi , Paul H. Siegel

Finding ground states and low-lying excitations of a given Hamiltonian is one of the most important problems in many fields of physics. As a novel approach, quantum computing on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices offers the…

Threshold estimation is central to fault-tolerant quantum computing, but the reported threshold depends not only on the code and noise model, but also on the decoder used to interpret syndrome data. We study this dependence for surface-code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo , Chinonso Onah , Leonardo Goliatt , Sven Groppe

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands extremely low logical error rates, yet superconducting qubit arrays are subject to radiation-induced correlated noise arising from cosmic-ray muon-generated quasiparticles. The quasiparticle…

Combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) are crucial in many applications but are computationally demanding. Traditional Ising annealers address COPs by directly converting them into Ising models (known as direct-E transformation) and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yu Qian , Xianmin Huang , Ranran Wang , Zeyu Yang , Min Zhou , Thomas Kämpfe , Cheng Zhuo , Xunzhao Yin

The demand for classical-quantum hybrid algorithms to solve large-scale combinatorial optimization problems using quantum annealing (QA) has increased. One approach involves obtaining an approximate solution using classical algorithms and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Taisei Takabayashi , Masayuki Ohzeki

Coherent Ising Machines (CIMs) have emerged as a hybrid form of quantum computing devices designed to solve NP-complete problems, offering an exciting opportunity for discovering optimal solutions. Despite challenges such as susceptibility…

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