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Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) enables collaborative model training across organizations that share common user samples but hold disjoint feature spaces. Despite its potential, VFL is susceptible to feature inference attacks, in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Sindhuja Madabushi , Ahmad Faraz Khan , Haider Ali , Ananthram Swami , Rui Ning , Hongyi Wu , Jin-Hee Cho

Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative training of machine learning models across distributed clients without sharing raw data, ostensibly preserving data privacy. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed critical vulnerabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Francesco Diana , André Nusser , Chuan Xu , Giovanni Neglia

Vertical federated learning (VFL) is an emerging paradigm that enables collaborators to build machine learning models together in a distributed fashion. In general, these parties have a group of users in common but own different features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Pengyu Qiu , Xuhong Zhang , Shouling Ji , Changjiang Li , Yuwen Pu , Xing Yang , Ting Wang

Due to the rising concerns on privacy protection, how to build machine learning (ML) models over different data sources with security guarantees is gaining more popularity. Vertical federated learning (VFL) describes such a case where ML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Fangcheng Fu , Huanran Xue , Yong Cheng , Yangyu Tao , Bin Cui

The large language model (LLM) powered recommendation paradigm has been proposed to address the limitations of traditional recommender systems, which often struggle to handle cold start users or items with new IDs. Despite its…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yubo Wang , Min Tang , Nuo Shen , Shujie Cui , Weiqing Wang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made a profound impact on our society and also raised new security concerns. Particularly, due to the remarkable inference ability of LLMs, the privacy violation attack (PVA), revealed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Wanli Peng , Xin Chen , Hang Fu , XinYu He , Xue Yiming , Juan Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Large Language Models (LLM) and foundation models are popular as they offer new opportunities for individuals and businesses to improve natural language processing, interact with data, and retrieve information faster. However, training or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Herbert Woisetschläger , Alexander Isenko , Shiqiang Wang , Ruben Mayer , Hans-Arno Jacobsen

Vertical federated learning (VFL) allows an active party with a top model, and multiple passive parties with bottom models to collaborate. In this scenario, passive parties possessing only features may attempt to infer active party's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yige Liu , Dexuan Xu , Zimai Guo , Yongzhi Cao , Hanpin Wang

With the rapid adoption of Federated Learning (FL) as the training and tuning protocol for applications utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs), recent research highlights the need for significant modifications to FL to accommodate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Minh N. Vu , Truc Nguyen , Tre' R. Jeter , My T. Thai

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) is a privacy-preserving distributed learning paradigm where different parties collaboratively learn models using partitioned features of shared samples, without leaking private data. Recent research has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Mang Ye , Wei Shen , Bo Du , Eduard Snezhko , Vassili Kovalev , Pong C. Yuen

The widespread usage of online Large Language Models (LLMs) inference services has raised significant privacy concerns about the potential exposure of private information in user inputs to malicious eavesdroppers. Existing privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ziqian Zeng , Jianwei Wang , Junyao Yang , Zhengdong Lu , Haoran Li , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) focuses on handling vertically partitioned data over FL participants. Recent studies have discovered a significant vulnerability in VFL to backdoor attacks which specifically target the distinct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Yungi Cho , Woorim Han , Miseon Yu , Younghan Lee , Ho Bae , Yunheung Paek

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, raising concerns about privacy, security and the need to remove undesirable knowledge. Machine Unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, yet faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Yisheng Zhong , Zhengbang Yang , Zhuangdi Zhu

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) has emerged as one of the most predominant approaches for secure collaborative machine learning where the training data is partitioned by features among multiple parties. Most VFL algorithms primarily rely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Mingxuan Fan , Yilun Jin , Liu Yang , Zhenghang Ren , Kai Chen

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a notable field, attracting significant attention for its ability to automatically generate intelligent contents for various application domains. However, LLMs still suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kongyang Chen , Zixin Wang , Bing Mi , Waixi Liu , Shaowei Wang , Xiaojun Ren , Jiaxing Shen

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with local data is a widely adopted approach for organizations seeking to adapt LLMs to their specific domains. Given the shared characteristics in data across different organizations, the idea of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wenkai Guo , Xuefeng Liu , Haolin Wang , Jianwei Niu , Shaojie Tang , Jing Yuan

Vertical federated learning is considered, where an active party, having access to true class labels, wishes to build a classification model by utilizing more features from a passive party, which has no access to the labels, to improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Borzoo Rassouli , Morteza Varasteh , Deniz Gunduz

The performance of modern machine learning systems depends on access to large, high-quality datasets, often sourced from user-generated content or proprietary, domain-specific corpora. However, these rich datasets inherently contain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhan Shi , Yefeng Yuan , Yuhong Liu , Liang Cheng , Yi Fang

A central tenet of Federated learning (FL), which trains models without centralizing user data, is privacy. However, previous work has shown that the gradient updates used in FL can leak user information. While the most industrial uses of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Liam Fowl , Jonas Geiping , Steven Reich , Yuxin Wen , Wojtek Czaja , Micah Goldblum , Tom Goldstein