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Due to the redundant nature of DNA synthesis and sequencing technologies, a basic model for a DNA storage system is a multi-draw "shuffling-sampling" channel. In this model, a random number of noisy copies of each sequence is observed at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Kel Levick , Reinhard Heckel , Ilan Shomorony

Living in the age of the digital media explosion, the amount of data that is being stored increases dramatically. However, even if existing storage systems suggest efficiency in capacity, they are lacking in durability. Hard disks, flash,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-04-08 Melpomeni Dimopoulou , Marc Antonini , Pascal Barbry , Raja Appuswamy

Data storage is one of the main computing issues of this century. Not only storage devices are converging to strict physical limits, but also the amount of data generated by users is growing at an unbelievable rate. To face these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Federico Tavella , Alberto Giaretta , Mauro Conti , Sasitharan Balasubramaniam

Over the past years, the ever-growing trend on data storage demand, more specifically for "cold" data (i.e. rarely accessed), has motivated research for alternative systems of data storage. Because of its biochemical characteristics,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-15 Xavier Pic , Melpomeni Dimopoulou , Eva Gil San Antonio , Marc Antonini

DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, which makes error-correcting coding techniques critical for reliable DNA data storage. To reduce the errors, a common technique is to include…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Franziska Weindel , Andreas L. Gimpel , Robert N. Grass , Reinhard Heckel

The biochemical processes underlying DNA data storage, including synthesis, amplification, and sequencing, are inherently noisy. Consequently, base-level insertion, deletion, and substitution (IDS) errors, as well as sequence-level…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ramy Khabbaz , Jérémy Mateos , Marc Antonini , Serge Kas Hanna

Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. In this work, we study the fundamental limits and tradeoffs of DNA-based storage systems under a simple model, motivated by current…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Reinhard Heckel , Ilan Shomorony , Kannan Ramchandran , David N. C. Tse

The biggest challenge when using DNA as a storage medium is maintaining its stability. The relative occurrence of Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) is essential for the longevity of DNA. In addition to that, reverse complementary base pairs…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-03 NallappaBhavithran G , Selvakumar R

Current research on DNA storage usually focuses on the improvement of storage density by developing effective encoding and decoding schemes while lacking the consideration on the uncertainty in ultra-long-term data storage and retention.…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Min Li , Jiashu Wu , Junbiao Dai , Qingshan Jiang , Qiang Qu , Xiaoluo Huang , Yang Wang

Over the past years, the ever-growing trend on data storage demand, more specifically for "cold" data (rarely accessed data), has motivated research for alternative systems of data storage. Because of its biochemical characteristics,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-23 Xavier Pic , Eva Gil San Antonio , Melpomeni Dimopoulou , Marc Antonini

A number of methods have been proposed over the last decade for encoding information using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), giving rise to the emerging area of DNA data embedding. Since a DNA sequence is conceptually equivalent to a sequence of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-10-09 Félix Balado

DNA emerges as a promising medium for the exponential growth of digital data due to its density and durability. This study extends recent research by addressing the \emph{coverage depth problem} in practical scenarios, exploring optimal…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Hadas Abraham , Rayn Gabrys , Eitan Yaakobi

The DNA storage channel is considered, in which a codeword is comprised of $M$ unordered DNA molecules. At reading time, $N$ molecules are sampled with replacement, and then each molecule is sequenced. A coded-index concatenated-coding…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Nir Weinberger

The short lifespan of traditional data storage media, coupled with an exponential increase in storage demand, has made long-term archival a fundamental problem in the data storage industry and beyond. Consequently, researchers are looking…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Xavier Pic , Nimesh Pinnamaneni , Raja Appuswamy

DNA data storage is rapidly emerging as a promising solution for long-term data archiving, largely due to its exceptional durability. However, the synthesis of DNA strands remains a significant bottleneck in terms of cost and speed. To…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Parv Agarwal , Nimesh Pinnamaneni , Thomas Heinis

In this paper, we consider the outer channel for DNA-based data storage. When transmitting over the outer channel, each DNA string is treated as a unit/symbol that would be either correctly received, or erased, or corrupted by uniformly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Xuan He , Yi Ding , Kui Cai , Guanghui Song , Bin Dai , Xiaohu Tang

We study the amount of reliable information that can be stored in a DNA-based storage system composed of short DNA molecules. In this regime, Shomorony and Heckel (2022) put forward a conjecture on the scaling of the number of information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ran Tamir , Nir Weinberger , Albert Guillén i Fàbregas

Digital information can be encoded in the building-block sequence of macromolecules, such as RNA and single-stranded DNA. Methods of "writing" and "reading" macromolecular strands are currently available, but they are slow and expensive. In…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-09-14 Pramod K. Khulbe , Raphael Gruener , Masud Mansuripur

In this paper we study error-correcting codes for the storage of data in synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We investigate a storage model where a data set is represented by an unordered set of $M$ sequences, each of length $L$. Errors…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Andreas Lenz , Paul H. Siegel , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi

Technologies for sequencing (reading) and synthesizing (writing) DNA have progressed on a Moore's law-like trajectory over the last three decades. This has motivated the idea of using DNA for data storage. Theoretically, DNA-based storage…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Ajay Manicka , Andrew Stephan , Sriram Chari , Gemma Mendonsa , Peyton Okubo , John Stolzberg-Schray , Anil Reddy , Marc Riedel