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Existing accounts of grokking explain the phenomena in terms of mechanistic frameworks such as circuit efficiency or lazy-to-rich transitions. However, despite a known dependence between grokking and model size, how model capacity shapes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yiding Song , Hanming Ye

Neural networks readily learn a subset of the modular arithmetic tasks, while failing to generalize on the rest. This limitation remains unmoved by the choice of architecture and training strategies. On the other hand, an analytical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Darshil Doshi , Tianyu He , Aritra Das , Andrey Gromov

The training dynamics of deep neural networks often defy expectations, even as these models form the foundation of modern machine learning. Two prominent examples are grokking, where test performance improves abruptly long after the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato

Grokking is a puzzling phenomenon in neural networks where full generalization occurs only after a substantial delay following the complete memorization of the training data. Previous research has linked this delayed generalization to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Tiberiu Musat

Training loss and accuracy are the standard signals used to monitor generalization during deep neural network training. Two well-documented phenomena complicate this picture: in grokking, train loss falls rapidly while test performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Chi-Ning Chou , Oscar Uzdelewicz , Neng-Chun Chiu , Yao-Yuan Yang , SueYeon Chung

Grokking -- the abrupt transition from memorization to generalization long after near-zero training loss -- has been studied mainly in single-task settings. We extend geometric analysis to multi-task modular arithmetic, training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yongzhong Xu

While the phenomenon of grokking, i.e., delayed generalization, has been studied extensively, it remains an open problem whether there is a mathematical framework that characterizes what kind of features will emerge, how and in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuandong Tian

Grokking in modular arithmetic has established itself as the quintessential fruit fly experiment, serving as a critical domain for investigating the mechanistic origins of model generalization. Despite its significance, existing research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Junjie Zhang , Zhen Shen , Gang Xiong , Xisong Dong

Grokking -- the abrupt transition from memorization to generalization after prolonged training -- has been linked to confinement on low-dimensional execution manifolds in modular arithmetic. Whether this mechanism extends beyond arithmetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yongzhong Xu

Grokking is a phenomenon where a model trained on an algorithmic task first overfits but, then, after a large amount of additional training, undergoes a phase transition to generalize perfectly. We empirically study the internal structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-22 William Merrill , Nikolaos Tsilivis , Aman Shukla

Understanding neural network's (NN) generalizability remains a central question in deep learning research. The special phenomenon of grokking, where NNs abruptly generalize long after the training performance reaches a near-perfect level,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Xiaotian Zhang , Yue Shang , Entao Yang , Ge Zhang

This paper investigates the grokking phenomenon, which refers to the sudden transition from a long memorization to generalization observed during neural networks training, in the context of learning multiplication in finite-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Guillaume Dumas , Guillaume Rabusseau

Grokking occurs when a model achieves high training accuracy but generalization to unseen test points happens long after that. This phenomenon was initially observed on a class of algebraic problems, such as learning modular arithmetic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-02 Marcel Tomàs Bernal , Neil Rohit Mallinar , Mikhail Belkin

A principled understanding of generalization in deep learning may require unifying disparate observations under a single conceptual framework. Previous work has studied \emph{grokking}, a training dynamic in which a sustained period of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Xander Davies , Lauro Langosco , David Krueger

Robust generalization is a major challenge in deep learning, particularly when the number of trainable parameters is very large. In general, it is very difficult to know if the network has memorized a particular set of examples or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Darshil Doshi , Aritra Das , Tianyu He , Andrey Gromov

We discuss two solvable grokking (generalisation beyond overfitting) models in a rule learning scenario. We show that grokking is a phase transition and find exact analytic expressions for the critical exponents, grokking probability, and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-10-28 Bojan Žunkovič , Enej Ilievski

We explore the critical data size in language models, a threshold that marks a fundamental shift from quick memorization to slow generalization. We formalize the phase transition under the grokking configuration into the Data Efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xuekai Zhu , Yao Fu , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Neural network grokking -- the abrupt memorization-to-generalization transition -- challenges our understanding of learning dynamics. Through finite-size scaling of gradient avalanche dynamics across eight model scales, we find that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ping Wang

This paper demonstrates that grokking behavior in modular arithmetic with a modulus P in a neural network can be controlled by modifying the profile of the activation function as well as the depth and width of the model. Plotting the even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Ahmed Salah , David Yevick

Grokking the delayed transition from memorization to generalization in neural networks remains poorly understood, in part because prior empirical studies confound the roles of architecture, optimization, and regularization. We present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shalima Binta Manir , Anamika Paul Rupa