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Accurate gland segmentation in histopathology images is essential for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, significant variability in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and tissue morphology, combined with limited annotated data,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ha-Hieu Pham , Nguyen Lan Vi Vu , Thanh-Huy Nguyen , Ulas Bagci , Min Xu , Trung-Nghia Le , Huy-Hieu Pham

This paper addresses the problem of automatically detecting human skin in images without reliance on color information. A primary motivation of the work has been to achieve results that are consistent across the full range of skin tones,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Han Xu , Abhijit Sarkar , A. Lynn Abbott

Stains are essential in histopathology to visualize specific tissue characteristics, with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) serving as the clinical standard. However, pathologists frequently utilize a variety of special stains for the diagnosis…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Oskar Thaeter , Christian Grashei , Anette Haas , Elisa Schmoeckel , Han Li , Peter J. Schüffler

Deep learning algorithms have become the golden standard for segmentation of medical imaging data. In most works, the variability and heterogeneity of real clinical data is acknowledged to still be a problem. One way to automatically…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-25 Arkadiy Dushatskiy , Gerry Lowe , Peter A. N. Bosman , Tanja Alderliesten

The color appearance of a pathological image is highly related to the imaging protocols, the proportion of different dyes, and the scanning devices. Computer-aided diagnostic systems may deteriorate when facing these color-variant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Zheng Chen

We introduce style augmentation, a new form of data augmentation based on random style transfer, for improving the robustness of convolutional neural networks (CNN) over both classification and regression based tasks. During training, our…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-15 Philip T. Jackson , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Stephen Bonner , Toby Breckon , Boguslaw Obara

Stain color variation in histological images, caused by a variety of factors, is a challenge not only for the visual diagnosis of pathologists but also for cell segmentation algorithms. To eliminate the color variation, many stain…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-27 Huaqian Wu , Nicolas Souedet , Camille Mabillon , Caroline Jan , Cédric Clouchoux , Thierry Delzescaux

The different stain styles of cytopathological images have a negative effect on the generalization ability of automated image analysis algorithms. This article proposes a new framework that normalizes the stain style for cytopathological…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-09-12 Xihao Chen , Jingya Yu , Li Chen , Shaoqun Zeng , Xiuli Liu , Shenghua Cheng

Conventional hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining is limited to revealing cell morphology and distribution, whereas immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides precise and specific visualization of protein activation at the molecular level.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Fuqiang Chen , Ranran Zhang , Boyun Zheng , Yiwen Sun , Jiahui He , Wenjian Qin

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is a cornerstone of pathological analysis, offering reliable visualization of cellular morphology and tissue architecture for cancer diagnosis, subtyping, and grading. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Amit Das , Naofumi Tomita , Kyle J. Syme , Weijie Ma , Paige O'Connor , Kristin N. Corbett , Bing Ren , Xiaoying Liu , Saeed Hassanpour

Virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images can accelerate diagnostics by providing preliminary molecular insight directly from routine sections, reducing the need for repeat sectioning when tissue is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jillur Rahman Saurav , Thuong Le Hoai Pham , Pritam Mukherjee , Paul Yi , Brent A. Orr , Jacob M. Luber

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He

In addition to evaluating tumor morphology using H&E staining, immunohistochemistry is used to assess the presence of specific proteins within the tissue. However, this is a costly and labor-intensive technique, for which virtual staining,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 José Teixeira , Pascal Klöckner , Diana Montezuma , Melis Erdal Cesur , João Fraga , Hugo M. Horlings , Jaime S. Cardoso , Sara P. Oliveira

Histological staining is the gold standard for tissue examination in clinical pathology and life-science research, which visualizes the tissue and cellular structures using chromatic dyes or fluorescence labels to aid the microscopic…

Medical Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 Bijie Bai , Xilin Yang , Yuzhu Li , Yijie Zhang , Nir Pillar , Aydogan Ozcan

Although generative adversarial network (GAN) based style transfer is state of the art in histopathology color-stain normalization, they do not explicitly integrate structural information of tissues. We propose a self-supervised approach to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-04 Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Behzad Bozorgtabar , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Ling Shao

We propose a novel semi-supervised learning approach for classification of histopathology images. We employ strong supervision with patch-level annotations combined with a novel co-training loss to create a semi-supervised learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Bodong Zhang , Beatrice Knudsen , Deepika Sirohi , Alessandro Ferrero , Tolga Tasdizen

Sensitivity to staining variation remains a major barrier to deploying computational pathology (CPath) models as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining varies across laboratories, requiring systematic assessment of how this variability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Lydia A. Schönpflug , Nikki van den Berg , Sonali Andani , Nanda Horeweg , Jurriaan Barkey Wolf , Tjalling Bosse , Viktor H. Koelzer , Maxime W. Lafarge

Differences in staining and imaging procedures can cause significant color variations in histopathology images, leading to poor generalization when deploying deep-learning models trained from a different data source. Various color…

In this paper, we develop a complete pipeline for stain normalization, segmentation, and classification of nuclei in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained breast cancer histopathology images. In the first step, we use a CNN-based stain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Edwin Yuan , Junkyo Suh

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev