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A large number of neural network models of associative memory have been proposed in the literature. These include the classical Hopfield networks (HNs), sparse distributed memories (SDMs), and more recently the modern continuous Hopfield…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Beren Millidge , Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

Content-addressable memories such as Modern Hopfield Networks (MHN) have been studied as mathematical models of auto-association and storage/retrieval in the human declarative memory, yet their practical use for large-scale content storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Satyananda Kashyap , Niharika S. D'Souza , Luyao Shi , Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

Associative memories are structures that store data in such a way that it can later be retrieved given only a part of its content -- a sort-of error/erasure-resilience property. They are used in applications ranging from caches and memory…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-23 Vincent Gripon , Michael Rabbat

Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

It has been shown that a neural network model recently proposed to describe basic memory performance is based on a ternary/binary coding/decoding algorithm which leads to a new neural network assembly memory model (NNAMM) providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Petro M. Gopych

State-of-the-art neural networks can be trained to become remarkable solutions to many problems. But while these architectures can express symbolic, perfect solutions, trained models often arrive at approximations instead. We show that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Matan Abudy , Orr Well , Emmanuel Chemla , Roni Katzir , Nur Lan

Associative memory retrieves complete patterns from partial or corrupted inputs and constitutes a primitive form of generative inference. Classical Hopfield networks (CHN) provide a canonical framework for associative memory but suffer from…

Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

The network embedding task is to represent the node in the network as a low-dimensional vector while incorporating the topological and structural information. Most existing approaches solve this problem by factorizing a proximity matrix,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Yuchen Liang , Dmitry Krotov , Mohammed J. Zaki

Dense associative memory, a fundamental instance of modern Hopfield networks, can store a large number of memory patterns as equilibrium states of recurrent networks. While the stationary-state storage capacity has been investigated, its…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-29 Kazushi Mimura , Jun'ichi Takeuchi , Yuto Sumikawa , Yoshiyuki Kabashima , Anthony C. C. Coolen

We consider the class of Hopfield models of associative memory with activation function $F$ and state space $\{-1,1\}^N$, where each vertex of the cube describes a configuration of $N$ binary neurons. $M$ randomly chosen configurations,…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-04-08 Véronique Gayrard

Hopfield networks are artificial neural networks which store memory patterns on the states of their neurons by choosing recurrent connection weights and update rules such that the energy landscape of the network forms attractors around the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Thomas F Burns , Tomoki Fukai

This paper introduces a new method for model selection and more generally hyperparameter selection in machine learning. Minimum description length (MDL) is an established method for model selection, which is however not directly aimed at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Mojtaba Abolfazli , Anders Host-Madsen , June Zhang

Sequence memory is an essential attribute of natural and artificial intelligence that enables agents to encode, store, and retrieve complex sequences of stimuli and actions. Computational models of sequence memory have been proposed where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Hamza Tahir Chaudhry , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Dmitry Krotov , Cengiz Pehlevan

Recent research has established a connection between modern Hopfield networks (HNs) and transformer attention heads, with guarantees of exponential storage capacity. However, these models still face challenges scaling storage efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Saul Santos , António Farinhas , Daniel C. McNamee , André F. T. Martins

Associative memory models are content-addressable memory systems fundamental to biological intelligence and are notable for their high interpretability. However, existing models evaluate the quality of retrieval based on proximity, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shurong Wang , Yuqi Pan , Zhuoyang Shen , Meng Zhang , Hongwei Wang , Guoqi Li

This is about the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle applied to pattern mining. The length of this description is kept to the minimum. Mining patterns is a core task in data analysis and, beyond issues of efficient enumeration, the…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Esther Galbrun

Minimum Description Length (MDL) provides a framework and an objective for principled model evaluation. It formalizes Occam's Razor and can be applied to data from non-stationary sources. In the prequential formulation of MDL, the objective…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-17 Jorg Bornschein , Yazhe Li , Marcus Hutter

Traditional joint source-channel coding employs static learned semantic representations that cannot dynamically adapt to evolving source distributions. Shared semantic memories between transmitter and receiver can potentially enable…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-14 Karim Nasreddine , Christo Kurisummoottil Thomas , Walid Saad

This is an up-to-date introduction to and overview of the Minimum Description Length (MDL) Principle, a theory of inductive inference that can be applied to general problems in statistics, machine learning and pattern recognition. While MDL…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-12-19 Peter Grünwald , Teemu Roos
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