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We consider the problem of explaining the predictions of graph neural networks (GNNs), which otherwise are considered as black boxes. Existing methods invariably focus on explaining the importance of graph nodes or edges but ignore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Hao Yuan , Haiyang Yu , Jie Wang , Kang Li , Shuiwang Ji

Massive deployment of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in high-stake applications generates a strong demand for explanations that are robust to noise and align well with human intuition. Most existing methods generate explanations by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Mohit Bajaj , Lingyang Chu , Zi Yu Xue , Jian Pei , Lanjun Wang , Peter Cho-Ho Lam , Yong Zhang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful graph-based machine-learning models that are popular in various domains, e.g., social media, transportation, and drug discovery. However, owing to complex data representations, GNNs do not easily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Pantea Habibi , Peyman Baghershahi , Sourav Medya , Debaleena Chattopadhyay

Machine learning on graphs, especially using graph neural networks (GNNs), has seen a surge in interest due to the wide availability of graph data across a broad spectrum of disciplines, from life to social and engineering sciences. Despite…

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are deep learning models that take graph data as inputs, and they are applied to various tasks such as traffic prediction and molecular property prediction. However, owing to the complexity of the GNNs, it has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Tetsu Kasanishi , Xueting Wang , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are neural models that leverage the dependency structure in graphical data via message passing among the graph nodes. GNNs have emerged as pivotal architectures in analyzing graph-structured data, and their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Xu Zheng , Farhad Shirani , Tianchun Wang , Wei Cheng , Zhuomin Chen , Haifeng Chen , Hua Wei , Dongsheng Luo

Explaining Graph Neural Networks predictions to end users of AI applications in easily understandable terms remains an unsolved problem. In particular, we do not have well developed methods for automatically evaluating explanations, in ways…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Vanya BK , Balaji Ganesan , Aniket Saxena , Devbrat Sharma , Arvind Agarwal

This paper presents Gem, a model-agnostic approach for providing interpretable explanations for any GNNs on various graph learning tasks. Specifically, we formulate the problem of providing explanations for the decisions of GNNs as a causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Wanyu Lin , Hao Lan , Baochun Li

We propose the fully explainable Decision Tree Graph Neural Network (DT+GNN) architecture. In contrast to existing black-box GNNs and post-hoc explanation methods, the reasoning of DT+GNN can be inspected at every step. To achieve this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Peter Müller , Lukas Faber , Karolis Martinkus , Roger Wattenhofer

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in solving graph classification tasks. However, most GNN architectures aggregate information from all nodes and edges in a graph, regardless of their relevance to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-19 Pablo Sanchez-Martin , Kinaan Aamir Khan , Isabel Valera

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are effective machine learning models for various graph learning problems. Despite their empirical successes, the theoretical limitations of GNNs have been revealed recently. Consequently, many GNN models have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Ryoma Sato

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are effective machine learning models for many graph-related applications. Despite their empirical success, many research efforts focus on the theoretical limitations of GNNs, i.e., the GNNs expressive power.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Bingxu Zhang , Changjun Fan , Shixuan Liu , Kuihua Huang , Xiang Zhao , Jincai Huang , Zhong Liu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been applied into a variety of graph tasks. Most existing work of GNNs is based on the assumption that the given graph data is optimal, while it is inevitable that there exists missing or incomplete edges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-13 Qianggang Ding , Deheng Ye , Tingyang Xu , Peilin Zhao

The study of Graph Neural Networks has received considerable interest in the past few years. By extending deep learning to graph-structured data, GNNs can solve a diverse set of tasks in fields including social science, chemistry, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Ashwin Nalwade , Kelly Marshall , Axel Eladi , Umang Sharma

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have received increasing attention due to their ability to learn from graph-structured data. To open the black-box of these deep learning models, post-hoc instance-level explanation methods have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Rundong Huang , Farhad Shirani , Dongsheng Luo

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful representational tool for solving problems on graph-structured inputs. In almost all cases so far, however, they have been applied to directly recovering a final solution from raw inputs, without…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-16 Petar Veličković , Rex Ying , Matilde Padovano , Raia Hadsell , Charles Blundell

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a popular class of machine learning models. Inspired by the learning to explain (L2X) paradigm, we propose L2XGNN, a framework for explainable GNNs which provides faithful explanations by design. L2XGNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Giuseppe Serra , Mathias Niepert

Inference queries have been routinely issued to graph machine learning models such as graph neural networks (GNNs) for various network analytical tasks. Nevertheless, GNN outputs are often hard to interpret comprehensively. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Dazhuo Qiu , Haolai Che , Arijit Khan , Yinghui Wu

Enhancing the interpretability of graph neural networks (GNNs) is crucial to ensure their safe and fair deployment. Recent work has introduced self-explainable GNNs that generate explanations as part of training, improving both faithfulness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Fanzhen Liu , Xiaoxiao Ma , Jian Yang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Kristen Moore , Surya Nepal , Cecile Paris , Quan Z. Sheng , Jia Wu

Subgraph-enhanced graph neural networks (SGNN) can increase the expressive power of the standard message-passing framework. This model family represents each graph as a collection of subgraphs, generally extracted by random sampling or with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Indro Spinelli , Michele Guerra , Filippo Maria Bianchi , Simone Scardapane