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Grover's algorithm is a fundamental quantum algorithm that achieves a quadratic speedup for unstructured search problems of size $N$. Recent studies have reformulated this task as a maximization problem on the unitary manifold and solved it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Zhijian Lai , Dong An , Jiang Hu , Zaiwen Wen

Cardinality-constrained binary optimization is a fundamental computational primitive with broad applications in machine learning, finance, and scientific computing. In this work, we introduce a Grover-based quantum algorithm that exploits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Haomu Yuan , Hanqing Wu , Kuan-Cheng Chen , Bin Cheng , Crispin H. W. Barnes

Quantum approaches to combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) are often limited by the resource demands of Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) encodings, which enlarge circuits through penalty terms and increase qubit and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Frederik Koch , Shahram Panahiyan , Rick Mukherjee , Joseph Doetsch , Dieter Jaksch

The success probability of a search of $M$ targets from a database of size $N$, using Grover's search algorithm depends critically on the number of iterations of the composite operation of the oracle followed by Grover's diffusion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-24 Simanraj Sadana

Grover's algorithm, orginally conceived as a means of searching an unordered database, can also be used to extract solutions from the result sets generated by quantum computations. The Grover algorithm exploits the concept of an oracle…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-19 Fintan M. Bolton

We present a quantum algorithm for solving perfect mazes by casting the pathfinding task as a structured search problem. Building on Grover's amplitude amplification, the algorithm encodes all candidate paths in superposition and evaluates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-31 Michelle L. Wu

Grover's search algorithm has attracted great attention due to its quadratic speedup over classical algorithms in unsorted database search problems. However, Grover's algorithm is inefficient in multi-target search problems, except in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Shijin Zhong , Wei Li , Guangzhen Dai , Daohua Wu

Recent advances in quantum computing and the increasing availability of quantum hardware have substantially enhanced the practical relevance of quantum approaches to discrete optimization. Among these, the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-12 Felix P. Broesamle , Stefan Nickel

Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) has become the standard format for optimization using quantum computers, i.e., for both the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and quantum annealing (QA). We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-26 Thomas Gabor , Marian Lingsch Rosenfeld , Sebastian Feld , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

This tutorial offers a quick, hands-on introduction to solving Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) models on currently available quantum computers and their simulators. We cover both IBM and D-Wave machines: IBM utilizes a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Arul Mazumder , Sridhar Tayur

Quantum Amplitude Amplification (QAA), the generalization of Grover's algorithm, is capable of yielding optimal solutions to combinatorial optimization problems with high probabilities. In this work we extend the conventional 2-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Daniel Koch , Brian Pardo , Kip Nieman

We prove that any $n$-qubit unitary can be implemented (i) approximately in time $\tilde O\big(2^{n/2}\big)$ with query access to an appropriate classical oracle, and also (ii) exactly by a circuit of depth $\tilde O\big(2^{n/2}\big)$ with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Gregory Rosenthal

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a standard NP-hard optimization problem. Recently, it has gained renewed interest through quantum computing, as QUBOs directly reduce to the Ising model, on which quantum annealing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Katalin Friedl , Levente Gegő , László Kabódi , Viktória Nemkin

Constraint satisfiability problems, crucial to several applications, are solved on a quantum computer using Grover's search algorithm, leading to a quadratic improvement over the classical case. The solutions are obtained with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Gayathree M. Vinod , Anil Shaji

We investigate the implementation of an oracle for the Subset Sum problem for quantum search using Grover's algorithm. Our work concerns reducing the number of qubits, gates, and multi-controlled gates required by the oracle. We describe…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Angelo Benoit , Sam Schwartz , Ron K. Cytron

The Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization problem (QUBO) has become a unifying model for representing a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems, and for linking a variety of disciplines that face these problems. A new class…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Mark Lewis , Fred Glover

This paper addresses the problem of finding the densest $k$-vertex subgraph in an arbitrary graph. This problem is NP-hard and has important applications in social network analysis, fraud detection, recommendation systems, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Yu. A. Biriukov , R. D. Morozov , I. V. Dyakonov , S. S. Straupe

Grover's algorithm is a quantum query algorithm solving the unstructured search problem of size $N$ using $O(\sqrt{N})$ queries. It provides a significant speed-up over any classical algorithm \cite{Gro96}. The running time of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-24 Dmitry Kravchenko , Nikolajs Nahimovs , Alexander Rivosh

In this paper, we propose a quantum amplitude estimation method that uses a modified Grover operator and quadratically improves the estimation accuracy in the ideal case, as in the conventional one using the standard Grover operator. Under…

This paper presents a novel approach to Grover adaptive search (GAS) for a combinatorial optimization problem whose objective function involves spin variables. While the GAS algorithm with a conventional design of a quantum dictionary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-10 Shintaro Fujiwara , Naoki Ishikawa