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Retrosynthesis, which aims to identify viable synthetic pathways for target molecules by decomposing them into simpler precursors, is often treated as a search problem. However, its complexity arises from multi-branched tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengyang Tian , Yuhang Chang , Yangpeng Zhang , Yang Liu

Retrosynthesis planning is a fundamental challenge in chemistry which aims at designing reaction pathways from commercially available starting materials to a target molecule. Each step in multi-step retrosynthesis planning requires accurate…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-27 Ilia Igashov , Arne Schneuing , Marwin Segler , Michael Bronstein , Bruno Correia

Retrosynthetic planning is a fundamental task in organic chemistry, yet remains challenging due to its combinatorial complexity. To address this, conventional approaches typically rely on hybrid frameworks that combine single-step…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chenyang Zuo , Siqi Fan , Yizhen Luo , Zaiqing Nie

We describe a fully data driven model that learns to perform a retrosynthetic reaction prediction task, which is treated as a sequence-to-sequence mapping problem. The end-to-end trained model has an encoder-decoder architecture that…

Retrosynthesis is the process of recursively decomposing target molecules into available building blocks. It plays an important role in solving problems in organic synthesis planning. To automate or assist in the retrosynthesis analysis,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-06 Chaochao Yan , Qianggang Ding , Peilin Zhao , Shuangjia Zheng , Jinyu Yang , Yang Yu , Junzhou Huang

The synthesis of complex natural products remains one of the grand challenges of organic chemistry. We present DeepRetro, a major advancement in computational retrosynthesis that enables the discovery of viable synthetic routes for complex…

Organic synthesis stands as a cornerstone of the chemical industry. The development of robust machine learning models to support tasks associated with organic reactions is of significant interest. However, current methods rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Kaipeng Zeng , Xianbin Liu , Yu Zhang , Xiaokang Yang , Yaohui Jin , Yanyan Xu

We discuss a method to describe the qualitative dynamics of chemical reaction networks in terms of symbolic dynamics. The method, that can be applied to mass-action reaction networks with separated timescales, uses solutions of the partial…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-17 Aurélien Desoeuvres , Peter Szmolyan , Ovidiu Radulescu

The main target of retrosynthesis is to recursively decompose desired molecules into available building blocks. Existing template-based retrosynthesis methods follow a template selection stereotype and suffer from limited training…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-12-26 Chaochao Yan , Peilin Zhao , Chan Lu , Yang Yu , Junzhou Huang

We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer architecture combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention. The single-step retrosynthetic model sets a new state…

This note shows how classical tools from linear control theory can be leveraged to provide a global analysis of nonlinear reaction-diffusion models. The approach is differential in nature. It proceeds from classical tools of contraction…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-18 Felix Miranda-Villatoro , Rodolphe Sepulchre

Retrosynthesis -- the process of identifying a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule -- is of vital importance to material design and drug discovery. Existing machine learning approaches based on language models and graph neural…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Li Li , Steven Kearnes , Bo Dai

Retrosynthesis involves determining a sequence of reactions to synthesize complex molecules from simpler precursors. As this poses a challenge in organic chemistry, machine learning has offered solutions, particularly for predicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Mikołaj Sacha , Michał Sadowski , Piotr Kozakowski , Ruard van Workum , Stanisław Jastrzębski

Applications of machine learning in chemistry are often limited by the scarcity and expense of labeled data, restricting traditional supervised methods. In this work, we introduce a framework for molecular reasoning using general-purpose…

Computational techniques are required for narrowing down the vast space of possibilities to plausible prebiotic scenarios, since precise information on the molecular composition, the dominant reaction chemistry, and the conditions for that…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2018-02-07 Jakob L. Andersen , Christoph Flamm , Daniel Merkle , Peter F. Stadler

Computer-assisted methods have emerged as valuable tools for retrosynthesis analysis. However, quantifying the plausibility of generated retrosynthesis routes remains a challenging task. We introduce Retro-BLEU, a statistical metric adapted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Junren Li , Lei Fang , Jian-Guang Lou

While machine learning has transformed polymer design by enabling rapid property prediction and candidate generation, translating these designs into experimentally realizable materials remains a critical challenge. Traditionally, the…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-12-08 Sakshi Agarwal , Wei Xiong , Rampi Ramprasad

Retrosynthesis is the task of planning a series of chemical reactions to create a desired molecule from simpler, buyable molecules. While previous works have proposed algorithms to find optimal solutions for a range of metrics (e.g.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Austin Tripp , Krzysztof Maziarz , Sarah Lewis , Marwin Segler , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

We describe modeling approaches to a "network" of connected enzyme-catalyzed reactions, with added (bio)chemical processes that introduce biochemical filtering steps into the functioning of such a biocatalytic cascade. Theoretical…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2016-12-13 Vladimir Privman

This paper introduces a mathematical framework of a stochastic process model as a generalization of diffusion stochastic processes to model latent variables in categorical responses given unobserved random effects and maximum likelihood…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-05 Mahdi Mollakazemiha