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The relationship between tokenizer algorithm (e.g., Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), Unigram), morphological alignment, tokenization quality (e.g., compression efficiency), and downstream performance remains largely unclear, particularly for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Saketh Reddy Vemula , Sandipan Dandapat , Dipti Misra Sharma , Parameswari Krishnamurthy

The effectiveness of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models largely depends on the vocabulary used at training; small vocabularies can lead to out-of-vocabulary problems -- large ones, to memory issues. Subword (SW) tokenization has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-02 J. Pourmostafa Roshan Sharami , D. Shterionov , P. Spronck

Pipelined NLP systems have largely been superseded by end-to-end neural modeling, yet nearly all commonly-used models still require an explicit tokenization step. While recent tokenization approaches based on data-derived subword lexicons…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Jonathan H. Clark , Dan Garrette , Iulia Turc , John Wieting

Most pre-trained language models (PLMs) construct word representations at subword level with Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) or its variations, by which OOV (out-of-vocab) words are almost avoidable. However, those methods split a word into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Wentao Ma , Yiming Cui , Chenglei Si , Ting Liu , Shijin Wang , Guoping Hu

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit failures on elementary symbolic tasks such as character counting in a word, despite excelling on complex benchmarks. Although this limitation has been noted, the internal reasons remain unclear. We use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Ayan Datta , Mounika Marreddy , Alexander Mehler , Zhixue Zhao , Radhika Mamidi

Different from the writing systems of many Romance and Germanic languages, some languages or language families show complex conjunct forms in character composition. For such cases where the conjuncts consist of the components representing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-20 Won Ik Cho , Seok Min Kim , Nam Soo Kim

The Sejong dictionary dataset offers a valuable resource, providing extensive coverage of morphology, syntax, and semantic representation. This dataset can be utilized to explore linguistic information in greater depth. The labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Seohyun Song , Eunkyul Leah Jo , Yige Chen , Jeen-Pyo Hong , Kyuwon Kim , Jin Wee , Miyoung Kang , KyungTae Lim , Jungyeul Park , Chulwoo Park

Subword regularization methods such as BPE dropout are typically applied only during fine-tuning, while pretraining is usually done with deterministic tokenization. This creates a potential segmentation mismatch between pretraining and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Ruan Visser , Trienko Grobler , Marcel Dunaiski

Subword tokenization is the de facto standard for tokenization in neural language models and machine translation systems. Three advantages are frequently cited in favor of subwords: shorter encoding of frequent tokens, compositionality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Benoist Wolleb , Romain Silvestri , Giorgos Vernikos , Ljiljana Dolamic , Andrei Popescu-Belis

A number of morphology-based word embedding models were introduced in recent years. However, their evaluation was mostly limited to English, which is known to be a morphologically simple language. In this paper, we explore whether and to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Vitaly Romanov , Albina Khusainova

Many attempts have been made in multilingual NLP to ensure that pre-trained language models, such as mBERT or GPT2 get better and become applicable to low-resource languages. To achieve multilingualism for pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Jesse Atuhurra , Hiroyuki Shindo , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Taro Watanabe

Language model pre-training based on large corpora has achieved tremendous success in terms of constructing enriched contextual representations and has led to significant performance gains on a diverse range of Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-04 Weidong Guo , Mingjun Zhao , Lusheng Zhang , Di Niu , Jinwen Luo , Zhenhua Liu , Zhenyang Li , Jianbo Tang

Data representation remains a fundamental challenge in machine learning, particularly when adapting sequence-based architectures like Transformers and Large Language Models (LLMs) for structured tabular data. Existing methods often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kayvan Karim , Hani Ragab Hassen. Hadj Batatia

Sub-word segmentation is an essential pre-processing step for Neural Machine Translation (NMT). Existing work has shown that neural sub-word segmenters are better than Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), however, they are inefficient as they require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Haiyue Song , Raj Dabre , Chenhui Chu , Sadao Kurohashi , Eiichiro Sumita

This paper investigates the effect of tokenizers on the downstream performance of pretrained language models (PLMs) in scriptio continua languages where no explicit spaces exist between words, using Japanese as a case study. The tokenizer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Takuro Fujii , Koki Shibata , Atsuki Yamaguchi , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Large language models (LLMs) for code rely on subword tokenizers, such as byte-pair encoding (BPE), learned from mixed natural language text and programming language code but driven by statistics rather than grammar. As a result,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yinxi Li , Yuntian Deng , Pengyu Nie

Tokenization imposes a fixed granularity on the input text, freezing how a language model operates on data and how far in the future it predicts. Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and similar schemes split text once, build a static vocabulary, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Mathurin Videau , Badr Youbi Idrissi , Alessandro Leite , Marc Schoenauer , Olivier Teytaud , David Lopez-Paz

We present a comprehensive approach for multiword expression (MWE) identification that combines binary token-level classification, linguistic feature integration, and data augmentation. Our DeBERTa-v3-large model achieves 69.8% F1 on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Diego Rossini , Lonneke van der Plas

Much work in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been for resource-rich languages, making generalization to new, less-resourced languages challenging. We present two approaches for improving generalization to low-resourced languages by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Aditi Chaudhary , Chunting Zhou , Lori Levin , Graham Neubig , David R. Mortensen , Jaime G. Carbonell

Computational morphology handles the language processing at the word level. It is one of the foundational tasks in the NLP pipeline for the development of higher level NLP applications. It mainly deals with the processing of words and word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jatayu Baxi , Brijesh Bhatt