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General-purpose control demands agents that act across many tasks and embodiments, yet research on reinforcement learning (RL) for continuous control remains dominated by single-task or offline regimes, reinforcing a view that online RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Nicklas Hansen , Hao Su , Xiaolong Wang

Recently, Role-Playing Agents (RPAs) have garnered increasing attention for their potential to deliver emotional value and facilitate sociological research. However, existing studies are primarily confined to the textual modality, unable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yanqi Dai , Huanran Hu , Lei Wang , Shengjie Jin , Xu Chen , Zhiwu Lu

Recent advances in reinforcement learning (RL) heavily rely on a variety of well-designed benchmarks, which provide environmental platforms and consistent criteria to evaluate existing and novel algorithms. Specifically, in multi-agent RL…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Wenzhe Li , Zihan Ding , Seth Karten , Chi Jin

We study what actually works and what doesn't for training large language models as agents via multi-turn reinforcement learning. Despite rapid progress, existing frameworks and definitions are fragmented, and there is no systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ruiyi Wang , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has enjoyed significant recent progress thanks, in part, to the integration of deep learning techniques for modeling interactions in complex environments. This is naturally starting to benefit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Reza Torbati , Shubham Lohiya , Shivika Singh , Meher Shashwat Nigam , Harish Ravichandar

Memory-augmented LLM agents enable interactions that extend beyond finite context windows by storing, updating, and reusing information across sessions. However, training such agents with reinforcement learning in multi-session environments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Sikuan Yan , Ahmed Bahloul , Ercong Nie , Susanna Schwarzmann , Riccardo Trivisonno , Volker Tresp , Yunpu Ma

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), particularly through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), have significantly enhanced their reasoning abilities. However, a critical gap persists: these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Inclusion AI , : , Fudong Wang , Jiajia Liu , Jingdong Chen , Jun Zhou , Kaixiang Ji , Lixiang Ru , Qingpei Guo , Ruobing Zheng , Tianqi Li , Yi Yuan , Yifan Mao , Yuting Xiao , Ziping Ma

Large language model (LLM)-based Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown promise in tackling complex collaborative tasks, where agents are typically orchestrated via role-specific prompts. While the quality of these prompts is pivotal, jointly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zhexuan Wang , Xuebo Liu , Li Wang , Zifei Shan , Yutong Wang , Zhenxi Song , Min Zhang

We introduce Arena, a toolkit for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) research. In MARL, it usually requires customizing observations, rewards and actions for each agent, changing cooperative-competitive agent-interaction, and playing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Qing Wang , Jiechao Xiong , Lei Han , Meng Fang , Xinghai Sun , Zhuobin Zheng , Peng Sun , Zhengyou Zhang

Artificial intelligence through machine learning is increasingly used in the digital society. Solutions based on machine learning bring both great opportunities, thus coined "Software 2.0," but also great challenges for the engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Markus Borg

Learning Machines is developing a flexible, cross-industry, advanced analytics platform, targeted during stealth-stage at a limited number of specific vertical applications. In this paper, we aim to integrate a general machine system to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Tomer Iwan , Oktay Kavi , Erkin Yildirim

This paper surveys the field of deep multiagent reinforcement learning. The combination of deep neural networks with reinforcement learning has gained increased traction in recent years and is slowly shifting the focus from single-agent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Annie Wong , Thomas Bäck , Anna V. Kononova , Aske Plaat

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm for game playing, robotics control, and other sequential decision tasks. However, RL agents often have long learning times with high data requirements because they begin by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Matthew E. Taylor , Nicholas Nissen , Yuan Wang , Neda Navidi

Closed-source agents suffer from several issues such as a lack of affordability, transparency, and reproducibility, particularly on complex interactive tasks. This motivates the development of open-source alternatives. We introduce LUMOS,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Da Yin , Faeze Brahman , Abhilasha Ravichander , Khyathi Chandu , Kai-Wei Chang , Yejin Choi , Bill Yuchen Lin

The Pommerman simulation was recently developed to mimic the classic Japanese game Bomberman, and focuses on competitive gameplay in a multi-agent setting. We focus on the 2$\times$2 team version of Pommerman, developed for a competition at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Hardik Meisheri , Omkar Shelke , Richa Verma , Harshad Khadilkar

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in cross-modal understanding and reasoning, offering new opportunities for intelligent assistive systems, yet existing systems still struggle with risk-aware…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Renjun Gao

This paper serves as a comprehensive system description of version 2.0 of the Marabou framework for formal analysis of neural networks. We discuss the tool's architectural design and highlight the major features and components introduced…

This paper introduces MANGO (Multilayer Abstraction for Nested Generation of Options), a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework designed to address the challenges of long-term sparse reward environments. MANGO decomposes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Alessio Arcudi , Davide Sartor , Alberto Sinigaglia , Vincent François-Lavet , Gian Antonio Susto

Large Language Models (LLMs) have the capacity of performing complex scheduling in a multi-agent system and can coordinate these agents into completing sophisticated tasks that require extensive collaboration. However, despite the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Ran Gong , Qiuyuan Huang , Xiaojian Ma , Hoi Vo , Zane Durante , Yusuke Noda , Zilong Zheng , Song-Chun Zhu , Demetri Terzopoulos , Li Fei-Fei , Jianfeng Gao